Figures
- Figure 1–
Flow diagram of the study. Nutritional enhancement in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomised controlled trial.
- Figure 2–
Annual vegetable consumption score in patients who followed a diet rich in fruit and vegetables (□) and in those who followed a free diet during the study (░). Data are presented as means; differences at baseline (BL) were nonsignificant. ***: p<0.001 versus control.
- Figure 3–
Annual fresh fruit consumption score in patients who followed a diet rich in fruit and vegetables (□) and in those who followed a free diet during the study (░). Data are presented as means; differences at baseline (BL) were nonsignificant. ***: p<0.001 versus control.
- Figure 4–
Change in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) over the 3-yr dietetic intervention study period in patients who followed a diet rich in fruit and vegetables (□) and in those who followed a free diet (▪). Data are presented as mean±sem. The difference in mean annual decline in FEV1 between the two groups obtained by a general linear model for repeated measures with Bonferroni adjustment gave a p-value of 0.03. % pred: % predicted.
Tables
- Table 1– Baseline characteristics of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients overall and by dietary intervention
Overall IG CG p-value Subjects n 120 60 60 Males/females n 105/15 54/6 51/9 0.58 Age yrs 68.1±1.40 66.1±1.46 70.2±1.15 0.07 BMI kg·m−2 28.60±0.41 28.20±0.60 29.02±0.66 0.35 Current smoker 37 (30.8) 17 (28.3) 20 (33.3) 0.69 Ex-smoker 76 (63.3) 39 (65.0) 37 (61.6) 0.84 Smoking pack-yrs 68±3.79 62.4±5.03 73.6±5.62 0.14 Consumption score Vegetable 1.22±0.3 1.26±0.4 1.18±0.4 0.30 Fresh fruit/juice 1.42±0.4 1.22±0.4 1.48±0.5 0.70 Meat 1.87±0.2 1.90±0.3 1.87±0.4 0.70 Fish 1.05±0.2 1.11±0.3 1.02±0.4 0.60 Alcohol 1.61±0.3 1.30±0.3 1.18±0.3 0.17 Chronic cough 89 (74) 45 (75) 44 (72) 0.61 Chronic sputum 86 (71) 39 (65) 47 (78) 0.39 Chronic dyspnoea 52 (56) 28 (46) 24 (40) 0.75 FEV1 L 1.82±0.06 1.93±0.10 1.71±0.07 0.09 FEV1 % pred 64.28±1.58 64.39±2.32 64.17±2.19 0.94 FVC L 2.75±0.09 2.90±0.14 2.59±0.11 0.09 FVC % pred 74.64±1.66 75.71±2.47 73.50±2.22 0.52 FEV1/FVC % pred 64.67±0.96 64.77±1.14 64.57±1.56 0.92 PEF L·min−1 4.62±0.17 4.98±0.28 4.26±0.21 0.10 Sa,O2 % 95.58±0.24 95.20±0.33 95.96±0.34 0.81 Charlson index 2.58±0.12 2.39±0.16 2.77±0.17 0.11 Arthritis 1 (0.8) 0 (0.0) 1 (1.7) 1 Cardiac failure 25 (20.8) 10 (16.7) 15 (25.0) 0.36 Coronary disease 33 (27.5) 16 (26.7) 17 (28.3) 1 Diabetes 22 (18.3) 8 (13.3) 14 (23.3) 0.23 Diseases of the liver 2 (1.7) 0 (0.0) 2 (3.3) 0.49 Hypertension 69 (57.5) 32 (53.3) 37 (61.7) 0.46 Nephropathy 3 (2.7) 2 (1.7) 1 (3.3) 1 Stroke 8 (6.7) 4 (6.7) 4 (6.7) 1 Data are presented as mean±sem or n (%), unless otherwise indicated. The Mann–Whitney test or Fisher's exact test was used as appropriate for comparisons between groups. IG: intervention group; CG: control group; BMI: body mass index; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 s; % pred: % predicted; FVC: forced vital capacity; PEF: peak expiratory flow; Sa,O2: arterial oxygen saturation.
- Table 2– Association between frequency of consumption of fruit and vegetables rich in antioxidants and forced expiratory volume in 1 s change# in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
More than twice a week Twice a week or less p-value¶ Olives (black) 1.14 (0.93–1.36) -0.54 (-1.02– -0.43) 0.0001 Spinach 1.15 (0.95–1.35) -0.85 (-1.10– -0.60) 0.0001 Mushrooms 1.03 (0.68–1.23) -0.93 (-1.15– -0.65) 0.12 Beet 1.09 (0.86–1.32) -0.90 (-1.15– -0.66) 0.07 Broccoli 1.14 (0.89–1.13) -0.55 (-0.76– -0.21) 0.0005 Radicchio 1.11 (0.91–1.30) -0.91 (-1.17– -0.66) 0.0001 Strawberries 1.19 (0.97–1.14) -0.64 (-0.9– -0.37) 0.005 Oranges 1.00 (0.76–1.23) -1.01 (-1.12– -0.77) 0.0001 Plums 1.09 (0.88–1.29) -0.89 (-1.11– -0.64) 0.0001 Grapes (yellow) 0.57 (-0.29–0.84) -0.90 (-1.23– -0.57) 0.0003 Tangerines 0.35 (-0.38–1.32) -0.41 (-1.12–0.32) 0.1 Data are presented as mean (95% confidence interval). #: change in mean percentage predicted value per 6 months; ¶: Mann–Whitney U-test.
