Subjects n | 2003 |
Demographics | |
Males | 1255 (63) |
Age yrs | 64.0±17.9 |
Age >65 yrs | 1028 (51) |
Comorbidities | |
Congestive heart failure | 352 (18) |
COPD | 595 (30) |
Diabetes mellitus | 340 (17) |
Cerebrovascular accident | 254 (13) |
Liver disease | 72 (4) |
Immunosuppression# | 270 (13) |
Severity on admission | |
Altered mental status | 191 (10) |
Admission to ICU | 236 (12) |
PSI risk class | |
I | 239 (12) |
II | 361 (18) |
III | 496 (25) |
IV | 720 (36) |
V | 187 (9) |
CRB-65 score | |
0 | 732 (37) |
1 | 911 (45) |
2 | 322 (16) |
3 | 36 (1.9) |
4 | 2 (0.1) |
Physical findings | |
Respiratory rate ≥30 breaths·min−1 | 395 (20) |
Alteration of gas exchange¶ | 679 (34) |
Hypotension+ | 89 (4) |
Heart rate ≥125 beats·min−1 | 266 (13) |
Laboratory values | |
Arterial pH <7.35 | 105 (5) |
Sodium <130 mmol·L−1 | 104 (5) |
Haematocrit <30% | 108 (5) |
BUN >30 mg·dL−1 | 293 (15) |
Radiology findings on CXR | |
Multilobar involvement | 530 (26) |
Pleural effusion | 363 (26) |
Microbiology | |
Pathogen isolated | 459 (23) |
Mixed infection | 43 (2) |
Streptococcus pneumoniae | 208 (10) |
Haemophilus influenzae | 71 (3.5) |
Staphylococcus aureus | 57 (2.8) |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 26 (1.3) |
Moraxella catarrhalis | 25 (1.2) |
Legionella spp. | 20 (1) |
Mycoplasma pneumoniae | 18 (0.9) |
Antibiotic used | |
Ceftriaxone | 814 (41) |
Azithromycin | 599 (30) |
Levofloxacin | 595 (30) |
Clarithromycin | 363 (18) |
Cefotaxime | 182 (9) |
Amoxicillin/clavulanate | 158 (8) |
Ampicillin/sulbactam | 105 (5) |
Empiric antibiotic therapy | |
Compliant to local guidelines | 1,698 (85) |
Monotherapy | 810 (40) |
Levofloxacin | 388 (19) |
Double therapy | 1,193 (60) |
Beta-lactam plus macrolide | 750 (37) |
Beta-lactam plus fluoroquinolone | 100 (5) |
Switched from i.v. to p.o. antibiotic | 1,370 (68) |
Outcome | |
Time to clinical stability days | 3.3±1.7 |
Length of stay in the hospital days | 9.5±9.6 |