Tables
- Table 1—
Cumulative cannabis and tobacco use up to age 32 yrs
Cannabis joint-yrs Total 0 ≤1 >1 Tobacco pack-yrs 0 226 208 40 474 (49.0) ≤10 35 171 72 278 (28.8) >10 23 82 110 215 (22.2) Total 284 (29.4) 461 (47.7) 222 (23.0) 967 Percentage values are given in parentheses. Chi-squared (4) = 242, p<0.001.
- Table 2—
Associations of cannabis and tobacco use with lung function at age 32 yrs
Subjects n Cannabis Tobacco Coefficient 95% CI p-value Coefficient 95% CI p-value FEV1 mL 919 4.0 -3.7–11.8 0.311 -5.0 -10.3–0.2 0.061 FVC mL 919 12.0 3.0–21.0 0.009 0.1 -6.0–6.2 0.968 FEV1/FVC % 919 -0.08 -0.18–0.02 0.127 -0.11 -0.18– -0.04 0.003 TLC mL 883 25.0 13.9–36.0 <0.001 7.4 -0.2–14.9 0.057 FRC mL 884 15.1 4.8–25.4 0.004 10.5 3.5–17.6 0.003 RV mL 883 12.6 7.0–18.3 <0.001 6.3 2.4–10.1 0.002 Raw cmH2O·L−1·s−1 884 0.014 0.002–0.026 0.024 -0.001 -0.01–0.01 0.827 sGaw mL·s−1·cmH2O−1·L−1 884 -3.3 -5.5– -1.0 0.005 -1.5 -3.0–0.01 0.059 TL,CO mL·min−1·mmHg−1 841 -0.019 -0.09–0.05 0.589 -0.130 -0.19– -0.07 <0.001 TL,CO/VA mL·min−1·mmHg−1·L−1 841 -0.016 -0.03– -0.01 0.003 -0.023 -0.03– -0.01 <0.001 VA mL 894 17.8 6.8–28.9 0.002 2.3 -5.2–9.9 0.545 FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FVC: forced vital capacity; TLC: total lung capacity; FRC: functional residual capacity; RV: residual volume; Raw: airway resistance; sGaw: specific airway conductance; TL,CO: transfer factor of the lung for carbon monoxide; VA: alveolar volume. Linear regression analyses of lung function at age 32 yrs using both cannabis and tobacco exposures as predictors. All analyses adjusted for sex and, except for FEV1/FVC and sGaw, for height. Analyses of TL,CO also adjust for exhaled carbon monoxide and blood haemoglobin. Coefficients represent the difference in lung function associated with each joint-year of cannabis or pack-year of tobacco up to age 32 yrs, adjusted for use of the other substance.
- Table 3—
Association of cannabis use with lung function at age 32 yrs amongst non-tobacco smokers
Subjects n Coefficient 95% CI p-value FEV1 mL 449 1.5 -16.0–19.0 0.867 FVC mL 449 17.5 -2.5–37.4 0.087 FEV1/FVC % 449 -0.19 -0.42–0.04 0.100 TLC mL 433 33.5 9.9–57.1 0.006 FRC mL 434 8.1 -13.1–29.4 0.452 RV mL 433 12.0 -0.3–24.4 0.057 Raw cmH2O·L−1·s−1 434 0.029 0.001–0.057 0.042 sGaw mL·s−1·cmH2O−1·L−1 434 -6.7 -11.8– -1.7 0.010 TL,CO mL·min−1·mmHg−1 418 0.032 -0.114–0.178 0.662 TL,CO/VA mL·min−1·mmHg−1·L−1 418 -0.019 -0.042–0.004 0.106 VA mL 438 28.5 4.3–52.7 0.021 FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FVC: forced vital capacity; TLC: total lung capacity; FRC: functional residual capacity; RV: residual volume; Raw: airway resistance; sGaw: specific airway conductance; TL,CO: transfer factor of the lung for carbon monoxide; VA: alveolar volume. Linear regression analyses of lung function at age 32 yrs using cannabis exposure as the predictor. Analyses are restricted to those without a tobacco smoking history. All analyses adjusted for sex and, except for FEV1/FVC and sGaw, for height. Analyses of TL,CO also adjust for exhaled carbon monoxide and blood haemoglobin. Coefficients represent the difference in lung function associated with each joint-year of cannabis up to age 32 yrs.
- Table 4—
Longitudinal analyses of cannabis and tobacco exposure with spirometric lung function
Subjects n Cannabis Tobacco Coefficient 95% CI p-value Coefficient 95% CI p-value FEV1 mL 779 4.4 -1.4–10.3 0.137 -4.3 -8.2– -0.4 0.031 FVC mL 779 10.7 3.9–17.5 0.002 0.2 -4.4–4.8 0.928 FEV1/FVC % 779 -0.07 -0.14–0.01 0.069 -0.09 -0.14– -0.04 0.001 FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FVC: forced vital capacity. Linear regression analyses of lung function at age 32 yrs using both cannabis and tobacco smoking as predictors, adjusted for lung function at age 15 yrs. Analyses also adjusted for sex, height, change in height between age 15 and 32 yrs, and current asthma at age 32 yrs. Coefficients represent the difference in lung function at age 32 yrs associated with each joint-year of cannabis or pack-year of tobacco up to age 32 yrs, adjusted for the use of the other substance.
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