Figures
- Fig. 1—
Quadriceps strength in the three patient groups measured as a) maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) force and b) unpotentiated quadriceps twitch tension (TwQ). Quadriceps strength was reduced in both scoliosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients compared with controls judged by MVC (p = 0.02 and p = 0.04, respectively) and, in the case of restrictive patients, by TwQ (p = 0.013).
- Fig. 2—
Myosin heavy-chain (MyHC) expression in the following three groups is shown: a) Type 1; b) Type IIa; and c) Type IIx. Scoliosis patients differed from controls in Type I MyHC isoform expression, p = 0.028 and Type IIx p = 0.01. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients differed from controls in expression of Type I and IIa myosins (p = 0.009 and p = 0.0009, respectively).
- Fig. 3—
a) Protein tyrosine nitration and b) malondialdehyde (MDA)–protein adducts in all three groups. In scoliosis patients, MDA–protein adducts (p = 0.002) and protein tyrosine nitration (p = 0.001) were both increased. These variables were also increased in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients (p = 0.002 and p = 0.008, respectively) compared to control subjects.
- Fig. 4—
Representative examples of malondialdehyde (MDA)–protein adducts and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in quadriceps of control subjects, severe scoliosis patients and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. Several MDA–protein adducts were detected. MW: molecular weight.
- Fig. 5—
Representative examples of protein tyrosine nitration (total 3-nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in quadriceps of control subjects, severe scoliosis patients and chronic obstructive pulmonary (COPD) patients. Several tyrosine-nitrated proteins were detected. MW: molecular weight.
Tables
- Table 1—
Subject demographics
Control group Scoliosis group COPD group Subjects n 10 10 10 Males n 10 3 10 Age yrs 61 (13) 63.5 (6.0) 65.0 (13.0) Height/arm span m 1.76 (0.9) 1.62 (0.34)*,# 1.75 (0.6) Weight kg 81.1 (13.8) 57.9 (27.7)*,# 86.3 (24.4) BMI kg·m−2 26.0 (4.0) 22.4 (9.1)*,# 27.6 (5.9) FFMI kg·m−2 18.0(2.3) 14.9 (7.5) 17.7 (1.9) FEV1 % pred 89.5 (33.0) 35.3 (11.0)* 26.5 (9.0)* FVC % pred 90.0 (20.0) 44.0 (22.0)* 73.0 (20.0)* FEV1/FVC 83.0 (15.0) 80.1 (15.2) 31.4 (16.6)* Pa,O2 kPa 9.1 (1.13) 7.49 (1.71) Pa,CO2 kPa 5.73 (1.29) 6.64 (0.88) 6MWD m 300 (199) 155 (180) QMVC kg 46.0 (17.0) 21.5 (21.0)* 31.5 (11.0)* QMVC as % of BMI 172 (48.4) 106 (33.0)* 115 (21.1)* TwQ kg 9.65 (3.0) 5.9 (3.3)* 6.5 (4.3) Data are presented as median (interquartile range), unless otherwise stated. COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; BMI: body mass index; FFMI: fat-free mass index; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 s; % pred: % predicted; FVC: functional vital capacity; Pa,O2: arterial oxygen tension; Pa,CO2: arterial carbon dioxide tension; 6MWD: 6-min walk distance; QMVC: quadriceps maximal voluntary contraction; TwQ: quadriceps twitch force. *: p<0.05 or smaller between patient group and control group; #: p<0.05 or smaller between restrictive and COPD group.
- Table 2—
Muscle biopsy data
Control group Restrictive group COPD group MyHC I % 47.7 (9.3) 35.3 (18.5)*,# 22.1 (16.3)* MyHC IIA % 37.0 (3.5) 37.4 (12.8)# 50.8 (10.0)* MyHC IIX % 11.3 (13.0) 26.3 (15.5)* 24.8 (13.4) Total protein carbonylation 3.82 (1.14) 5.71 (2.71)* 4.08 (0.55) MDA–protein adducts 0.46 (0.22) 1.02 (2.63)* 1.35 (0.58)* Protein tyrosine nitration 0.24 (0.06) 0.76 (0.51)* 0.48 (0.30)* Mn-SOD 0.70 (0.21) 0.96 (0.351)# 0.50 (0.165) Catalase 1.32 (0.49) 1.54 (0.45) 1.34 (0.24) Data are presented as median (interquartile range). Optical densities of the oxidative stress markers in all cases were expressed as the ratio of the optical densities of the specific antigen to those of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. The number of subjects for which biopsy data are available may be obtained by examination of figures 2⇑ and 3⇓. COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; MyHC: myosin heavy-chain isoform; MDA: malondialdehyde; Mn-SOD: manganese superoxide dismutase. *: p<0.05 or smaller between patient group and control group; #: p<0.05 or smaller between restrictive and COPD groups.
