Figures
- Fig. 1—
Flow diagram depicting patient selection. HRCT: high-resolution computed tomography.
- Fig. 2—
Kaplan–Meier plot illustrating the survival of all the bronchiectasis patients (––––), in addition to the idiopathic (·······) and known (– – – –) aetiology subgroups. There are no statistically significant differences between the plots (log rank test; p = 0.85).
Tables
- Table 1—
General characteristics of study patients with bronchiectasis
Subjects n 91 Mortality dead/alive 27 (29.7)/64 (70.3) Sex female/male 53 (58.2)/38 (41.8) Smoker current/former/never 1 (1.1)/20 (22)/70 (76.9) PSA/non-PSA 20 (22)/71 (78) Age in 1994 yrs 51.7±12.1 Length of follow-up# months 126.9±38.0 Period between CT and LF months 13.0±14.1 CT criteria¶ Bx extent 33.1±21.0 Dilatation severity 39.7±24.8 Wall thickness 20.6±12.4 Small airway plugging 9.8±14.7 Large airway plugging 12.5±13.1 Mosaicism 7.5±10.2 Emphysema 3.9±8.0 LF criteria % pred FEV1 65.8±28.1 FVC 88.7±23.6 FEV1/FVC 83.1±9.0 RV 136.8±44.1 TLC 103.1±16.6 RV/TLC 126.9±31.3 TL,CO 76.2±20.4 KCO 95.4±22.1 Health-related quality of life questionnaire scores Fatigue 4.7±2.4 MRC wheeze+ 2.2±1.3 MRC dyspnoea+ 2.2±1.0 SGRQ total§ 45.9±18.1 SGRQ symptoms§ 71.9±18.8 SGRQ activities§ 49.1±24.5 SGRQ impacts§ 35.7±19.0 Aetiology Idiopathic 51 (56) Post infective 20 (22) ABPA 8 (8.8) PCD 5 (5.5) Young’s syndrome 4 (4.4) Hypogammaglobulinaemia 3 (3.3) Data are presented as n (%) or mean±sd, unless otherwise stated. Data are presented from time of entry into the cohort. PSA: Pseudomonas aeruginosa; CT: computed tomography; LF: lung function; Bx: bronchiectasis; % pred: % predicted; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FVC: forced vital capacity; RV: residual volume; TLC: total lung capacity; TL,CO: transfer factor of the lung for carbon monoxide; KCO: transfer coefficient of the lung for carbon monoxide; MRC: Medical Research Council; SGRQ: St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire; ABPA: allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis; PCD: primary ciliary dyskinesia. #: from recruitment until March 1, 2007, or until patient died; ¶: expressed as a percentage of the maximal possible score for each criterion; +: range 1–5, with a score of 1 representing greatest breathlessness on strenuous exercise; §: range 0–100, with a zero score indicating no impairment in quality of life.
- Table 2—
Univariate Cox proportional hazard analysis
Parameters RR (95% CI)# p-value Male sex 1.96 (0.92–4.20) 0.082 Age 1.06 (1.02–1.09) 0.001 Smoker 1.78 (0.87–3.63) 0.120 PSA 2.33 (1.04–5.18) 0.039 CT criteria Bx extent 1.04 (1.02–1.05) <0.0005 Dilatation severity 1.03 (1.01–1.04) <0.0005 Wall thickness 1.07 (1.04–1.10) <0.0005 Small airway plugging 0.506 Large airway plugging 1.04 (1.02–1.07) 0.002 Mosaicism 1.03 (1.00–1.06) 0.049 Emphysema 1.05 (1.02–1.08) 0.001 LF criteria % pred FEV1 0.97 (0.95–0.98) <0.0005 FVC 0.98 (0.96–0.99) 0.003 FEV1/FVC 0.209 RV 0.176 TLC 0.98 (0.96–1.01) 0.192 RV/TLC 1.01 (1.00–1.02) 0.021 TL,CO 0.95 (0.93–0.97) <0.0005 KCO 0.98 (0.97–0.99) 0.007 Health-related quality of life questionnaire scores Fatigue 1.14 (0.97–1.35) 0.122 MRC wheeze 1.26 (0.92–1.71) 0.147 MRC dyspnoea 2.89 (1.84–4.54) <0.0005 SGRQ total 1.04 (1.01–1.06) 0.002 SGRQ symptoms 1.02 (1.00–1.04) 0.121 SGRQ activities 1.04 (1.02–1.06) <0.0005 SGRQ impacts 1.02 (1.00–1.04) 0.035 RR: relative rate; CI: confidence interval; PSA: Pseudomonas aeruginosa; CT: computed tomography; Bx: bronchiectasis; LF: lung function; % pred: % predicted; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FVC: forced vital capacity; RV: residual volume; TLC: total lung capacity; TL,CO: transfer factor of the lung for carbon monoxide; KCO: transfer coefficient of the lung for carbon monoxide; MRC: Medical Research Council; SGRQ: St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire. #: RR >1 describes a positive correlation between the parameter and mortality, whereas RR <1 suggests a negative correlation. Entries in bold are statistically significant.
- Table 3—
Multivariate Cox proportional hazard stepwise analysis
Parameters RR (95% CI)# p-value Age 1.10 (1.06–1.15) <0.0005 PSA 3.61 (1.35–9.62) 0.010 Male sex 3.42 (1.34–8.77) 0.010 LF criteria % pred RV/TLC 1.03 (1.01–1.04) <0.0005 TLC 0.95 (0.93–0.98) <0.0005 KCO 0.96 (0.94–0.98) <0.0005 Health-related quality of life questionnaire scores SGRQ activities 1.05 (1.02–1.08) <0.0005 RR: relative rate; CI: confidence interval; PSA: Pseudomonas aeruginosa; LF: lung function; % pred: % predicted; RV: residual volume; TLC: total lung capacity; KCO: transfer coefficient for the lung for carbon monoxide; SGRQ: St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire. #: RR >1 describes a positive correlation between the parameter and mortality, whereas RR <1 suggests a negative correlation.
- Table 4—
Independent relationships between computed tomography measurements and the lung function measurements shown to correlate with mortality
Parameters RC (95% CI)# p-value TLC % pred Mosaicism 0.41 (0.06–0.75) 0.02 RV/TLC % pred log¶ Wall thickness 0.02 (0.01–0.02) <0.0005 Mosaicism 0.01 (0.01–0.02) 0.001 KCO % pred Emphysema -0.85 (-1.4– -0.30) 0.003 RC: regression coefficient; CI: confidence interval; TLC: total lung capacity; % pred: % predicted; RV: residual volume; KCO: transfer coefficient of the lung for carbon monoxide. #: RC >0 describes a positive correlation between the parameter measurements, whereas RC <0 suggests a negative correlation; ¶: log transformed (log 56.93) to correct for skewness.
