Tables
- Table 1—
Demographics and characteristics of male obstructive sleep apnoea patients
Young adults# Middle-aged adults¶ Patients n 117 117 Age yrs 33.8±4 53.1±6.4+ Married % 61.5 89.0+ Education yrs 13.4±2.7 12.4±3.1* Sleep efficiency % 86±10.0 83±16.1 Arousal and wakening index events·h−1 31.7±23.4 32.0±22.8 AHI events·h−1 30.5±25.0 32.0±25.5 t90 % 13.1±23.9 12.7±22.2 ESS score 9.0±5.7 8.8±5.4 BMI kg·m−2 30.2±6.2 30.7±5.1 CVD n 1 24+ HPL n 12 45+ Diabetes n 3 12* Data are presented as mean±sd, unless otherwise stated. AHI: apnoea/hypopnoea index; t90: sleep time with an arterial oxygen saturation of <90%; ESS: Epworth Sleepiness Scale; BMI: body mass index; CVD: cardiovascular disease; HPL: hyperlipidaemia. *: p<0.05; #: <40 yrs; ¶: 40–64 yrs; +: p<0.0001.
- Table 2—
Cost elements for male obstructive sleep apnoea(OSA) patients versus matched controls in the 5 yrs prior to diagnosis
Young adults Middle-aged adults Control OSA p-value# Control OSA p-value# Hospitalisation Costs US$ 144.7±44.6 (0; 0–2832) 299.5±115.8 (0; 0–12036) 0.7 575.0±197.1 (0; 0–18408) 886.5±221.3 (0; 0–19116) 0.161 Time days 0.4±0.1 (0; 0–8) 0.8±0.3 (0; 0–34) 0.7 1.6±0.6 (0; 0–52) 2.5±0.6 (0; 0–54) 0.161 Emergency department Costs US$ 88.7±12.2 (0; 0–665.3) 132.7±16.8 (111.0; 0–887.1) 0.020 86.2±19.1 (0; 0–1996) 126.1±22.6 (0; 0–1996) 0.049 Visits n 0.8±0.1 (0; 0–6) 1.2±0.2 (1; 0–8) 0.024 0.8±0.2 (0; 0–18) 1.1±0.2 (0; 0–18) 0.046 Consultation Costs US$ 95.1±10.5 (39.3; 0–472) 165.4±14.0 (118; 0–787)¶ <0.0001 114.0±14.2 (79; 0–904) 285.4±25.3 (197; 0–1967) <0.0001 Visits n 2.4±0.3 (1; 0–12) 4.2±0.4 (3; 0–20)¶ <0.0001 2.9±0.4 (2; 0–23) 7.3±0.6 (5; 0–50) <0.0001 Drugs Costs US$ 57.1±10.1 (17; 0–815) 165.1±45.4 (37; 0–3322)¶ 0.056 120.3±24.6 (38; 0–2347) 400±68 (158; 0–5126) <0.001 Total costs US$ 386±55 (162; 0–3030) 763±137 (303; 3–12825)¶ 0.004 895.3±218.2 (236; 0–19305) 1698±282.2 (559; 0–24196) 0.002 Data are presented as mean±sem (median; range) total costs and healthcare utilisation per patient during the 5 yrs prior to OSA diagnosis. #: Wilcoxon test; ¶: p<0.0001 versus middle-aged OSA patients (Mann–Whitney U-test).
- Table 3—
Number of drugs supplied to male obstructive sleep apnoea(OSA) patients in the 5 yrs prior to diagnosis
Young adults Middle-aged adults Drugs Difference p-value# Drugs Difference p-value# Respiratory system (R) 6.5±1.1 (3; 0–85) 3.0±1.3 (0.4–5.6) 0.002 7.8±1.2 (4; 0–110) 4.8±1.2 (2.3–7.2) <0.0001 Antibacterials for systemic use (J01) 3.4±0.7 (2; 0–73) 1.0±0.7 (-0.5–2.5)* 0.06 4.4±0.5 (3; 0–31) 2.1±0.5 (1.1–3.2) <0.0001 Cardiovascular system (C) 3.4±1.4 (0; 0–140) 3.0±1.5 (0.1–6.0)¶ 0.2 19±3.5 (1; 0–209) 12.9±4.0 (5.1–21) <0.0001 Psycholeptics and psychoanaleptics (N05, N06) 3.0±1.1 (0; 0–70) 2.8±1.1 (0.7–5.0)¶ 0.04 3.9±1.1 (0; 0–85) 2.9±1.1 (0.7–5.1) 0.001 Analgesics (N02) 2.5±0.8 (1; 0–92) 1.4±0.9 (-0.3–3.1)¶ 0.12 5.2±0.9 (2; 0–51) 2.7±0.9 (0.9–4.5) 0.002 Anti-inflammatory and antirheumatic products (M01) 0.8±0.1 (0; 0–6) 0.22±0.10 (-0.05–0.5)¶ 0.2 2.6±0.4 (2; 0–25) 1±0.5 (0.06–1.9) 0.008 Peptic ulcer and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (A02B) 0.4±0.14 (0; 0–14) -0.5±0.5 (-1.5–0.5)¶ 0.83 4.1±1.0 (0; 0–63) 3.2±0.9 (1.4–4.9) <0.0001 Drugs used in diabetes (A10) 0.33±0.33 (0; 0–39) 0.34±0.34 (-0.33–1.01)* 0.6 3.7±1.5 (0; 0–115) 3.2±1.4 (0.4–5.9) 0.03 Data are presented as mean±sem (median; range) number of drugs supplied per patient during the 5 yrs prior to OSA diagnosis and as mean±sem (95% confidence interval) difference in prescription number over the 5 yrs. Differences between patients and controls were found in all pharmacological groups shown (a similar methodological approach was used to that in 10). Cardiovascular categories include: cardiac therapy and selective calcium channel blockers with direct cardiac effect (C01 and C08D); centrally and peripherally acting antiadrenergic agents (C02A and C02C); agents acting on arteriolar smooth muscle (C02D); thiazides, other low-ceiling diuretics, potassium-sparing agents and diuretics, and potassium-sparing agents in combination (C03A, C03B, C03D and C03E); high-ceiling diuretics (C03C); peripheral vasodilators (C04); vasoprotectives (C05); β-blocking agents (C07); selective calcium channel blockers with mainly vascular effects (C08C); plain and combination angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (C09A and C09B); plain and combination angiotensin II antagonists (C09C and C09D); and cholesterol and triglyceride reducers (C10A). *: p<0.05; #: Wilcoxon test; ¶: p<0.0001 versus middle-aged OSA patients (Mann–Whitney U-test).
- Table 4—
Determinants of the upper third most costly male obstructive sleep apnoea(OSA) patients
Unit Univariate analysis Multivariate analysis OR (95% CI) p-value OR (95% CI) p-value Young adults Age +1 yr 1.04 (0.95–1.20) 0.390 1.02 (0.91–1.13) 0.773 AHI +1 events·h−1 1.01 (0.99–1.02) 0.298 1.003 (0.98–1.02) 0.778 BMI +1 kg·m−2 1.04 (0.98–1.10) 0.190 1.01 (0.93–1.10) 0.816 HPL 1 = yes; 0 = no 7.5 (1.9–29.6) 0.004 7.0 (1.8–29.2) 0.008 Middle-aged adults Age +1 yr 1.05 (0.99–1.10) 0.137 1.03 (0.96–1.10) 0.361 AHI +1 events·h−1 0.998 (0.98–1.01) 0.798 0.993 (0.97–1.01) 0.433 BMI 1≥38 kg·m−2; 0<38 kg·m−2 5.03 (1.6–16) 0.006 5.6 (1.6–20.1) 0.008 CVD 1 = yes; 0 = no 3.05 (1.36–6.80) 0.007 2.7 (1.15–6.3) 0.023 HPL 1 = yes; 0 = no 3.1 (1.4–6.9) 0.006 NI Diabetes 1 = yes; 0 = no 4.8 (1.3–17.02) 0.016 NI t90 1≥10%; 0<10% 3.33 (1.3–8.7) 0.014 NI Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) and establish the primary determinants of the most costly OSA patients. AHI: apnoea/hypopnoea index; BMI: body mass index; HPL: hyperlipidaemia; CVD: cardiovascular disease; t90: sleep time with an arterial oxygen saturation of <90%; NI: not included.
