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Complex chronic comorbidities of COPD

L. M. Fabbri, F. Luppi, B. Beghé, K. F. Rabe
European Respiratory Journal 2008 31: 204-212; DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00114307
L. M. Fabbri
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F. Luppi
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B. Beghé
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K. F. Rabe
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    Fig. 1—

    The central role of inflammation in comorbidity is associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Inflammation appears to play a central role in the pathogenesis of COPD and other conditions that are increasingly being recognised as systemic inflammatory diseases. As part of the chronic inflammatory process, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α receptor polymorphisms are associated with increased severity of disease, possibly due to enhanced TNF-α effects. Also, C-reactive protein (CRP) levels can be increased directly by TNF-α and other cytokines. Elevated CRP and fibrinogen may be crucial in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Reactive oxygen species released as a result of COPD may enhance the likelihood of a patient developing cardiovascular disease, diabetes and osteoporosis. IL: interleukin; ?: unknown; +ve: positive.

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    Fig. 2—

    Schematic representation of how smoking might add to several mechanisms linking obesity to cardiovascular disease. Red arrows indicate an effect of smoking. HDL: high-density lipoprotein; TNF: tumour necrosis factor; ICAM: intercellular adhesion molecule; ROS: reactive oxygen species; IL: interleukin; CRP: C-reactive protein. Reproduced with permission from 46.

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Vol 31 Issue 1 Table of Contents
European Respiratory Journal: 31 (1)
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Complex chronic comorbidities of COPD
L. M. Fabbri, F. Luppi, B. Beghé, K. F. Rabe
European Respiratory Journal Jan 2008, 31 (1) 204-212; DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00114307

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Complex chronic comorbidities of COPD
L. M. Fabbri, F. Luppi, B. Beghé, K. F. Rabe
European Respiratory Journal Jan 2008, 31 (1) 204-212; DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00114307
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  • Article
    • Abstract
    • COMPLEX CHRONIC COMORBIDITIES
    • UNDERLYING MECHANISMS AND CONSEQUENCES FOR TREATMENT OF COMPLEX CHRONIC COMORBIDITIES
    • MANAGEMENT OF COPD AS A COMPLEX DISEASE
    • SINGLE-DISEASE VERSUS PATIENT-ORIENTED GUIDELINES FOR CHRONIC DISEASES
    • Statement of interest
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