| Therapy/intervention | Comment |
Asthma | Allergen avoidance | Few data available |
| Bronchial thermoplasty | Reduces ASM mass |
| | High potential |
| ICS | Some epithelial repair but data conflicting |
| | Reduces inflammation, symptom scores, Rbm thickness and AHR but in high dose |
| | Individual effects not temporally aligned |
| | Decrease in airway vascularity, especially when LABA added in vivo |
| | Inhibits ASM growth |
| β2-agonists | Synergistic role with ICS |
| | Possible reduction in Rbm thickness |
| | Reduces number of macrophages |
| | Reduces airway vascularity when administered with ICS |
| | Decreases BAL IL-8 levels |
| Theophylline, chromones, leukotrienes | Conflicting data |
| Novel immune modulators | Anti-IL-5 monoclonal antibodies reduce expression of matrix proteins |
COPD | Smoking cessation | Reduces rate of decline in FEV1 |
| | Inflammation may persist but globlet cell hyperplasia is reduced |
| ICS | Conflicting results but may moderate rate of decline in FEV1 |
BOS | Fundoplication for correction of GOR | Improves lung function |
| | No pathological correlates |
| ICS | Few data available |
| | Does not seem to affect BOS |
| Azithromycin | Decreases IL-8 and neutrophil numbers and improves lung function |