First author year [ref.] | Age yrs | Study design | Study population | AAT measurements (phenotypes) | Exposures (method of assessment) | Covariate adjustment |
Severe AAT deficiency | | | | | | |
Silverman 1989 26 | 41.7 (11–64) | Cross-sectional | 22 Index cases, 30 nonindex cases | IEF (Z, null) | Occupational dust, chemicals, fumes, passive smoking (questionnaire) | No |
Piitulainen 1997 27 | 48±18 | Cross-sectional | 225 Nonsmoking cases, AAT registry, Sweden | IEF (Z, null) | Occupational dust, gas, fumes (questionnaire) | Yes |
Piitulainen 1998 28 | 18.3 (17.7–19.9) | Cross-sectional | 128 Adolescents, neonatal screening study, Sweden | IEF (Z, null) | Parental smoking (questionnaire) | Yes |
Piitulainen 1998 29 | 47 (20–81) | Cross-sectional | 205 Nonsmoking cases, AAT registry, Sweden | IEF (Z, null) | Occupational categories, domiciliary cooker, passive smoking (questionnaire) | Yes |
Mayer 2000 30 | 51.5 (≥30) | Cross-sectional | Attendees of the Alpha1 National Association Meeting (n = 62) and of AAT speciality clinic (n = 66) | IEF (Z, null) | Occupational dust, fumes, smoke, gas (questionnaire) | Yes |
Intermediate AAT deficiency | | | | | | |
Cole 1976 31 | (35–70) | Cross-sectional | Working population (n = 1995), Northern Ireland | IEF (M, S, Z, P, I, F) | Occupational dust (questionnaire) | Yes |
Chan-Yeung 1978 32 | 39.1±13.4 | Cross-sectional | 587 grain workers, 743 saw mill workers, Canada | IEF (M, S, Z) | Cedar, grain, and other wood dust (questionnaire) | Yes¶ |
Ostrow 1978 33 | 39.9±8.4 (25–54) | Cross-sectional | 360 Individuals in the neighbourhood of pulp and paper mills, Canada | IEF (M, S, Z) | Residency related to pulp and paper mills | Yes¶ |
Beckman 1980 34 | 37.3 (males) 38.7 (females) | Cross-sectional | Neighbours of a sulphite pulp factory reporting respiratory symptoms (n = 246), Sweden | IEF (M, S, F, Z) | Employment in a sulphite pulp factory | Yes¶ |
Stjernberg 1984 35 | 42 (18–65) | Cross-sectional | 518 Sulphite pulp factory workers, Sweden | IEF (M, S, Z, F) | Sulphur dioxide, occupational dust (quantitative measurements, duration/type of employment) | No |
Horne 1986 36 | 41±15 | Cross-sectional | 28 PiMZ grainworkers, 28 PiPiM grainworkers, Canada | IEF (M, Z) | Grain dust (duration/current status of employment) | Yes |
Pierre 1988 37 | 45.7 (35–55) at 1st survey | Longitudinal | 5-Year follow-up of 871 iron ore miners, France | IEF (M, I, P, S, Z) | CO, NOx, dusts (duration of employment) | Yes¶ |
Sigsgaard 1994 38 | 41.5±13.3 (PiM), 37.6±12.2 (PiMS), 44.3±9.4 (PiMZ) | Cross-sectional | 253 Cotton workers, Denmark | IEF (M, S, Z), serum AAT (turbidimetry) | Dust (endotoxin measurements, job history) | Yes |
Sigsgaard 2000 39 | 19.7±2.4 | Cross-sectional | 1964 Farming school attendants, 407 conscripts of rural areas, Denmark | IEF (M, S, Z) | Occupational history | Yes |
Lafuente 2000 40 | 60.1±6.1 (cases), 56.7±6.9 (controls) | Case–control | Asbestos workers (100 cases, 94 controls), Spain | PCR (S-, Z-alleles) | Asbestos (job-exposure matrix) | Yes |
von Ehrenstein 2002 41 | 10# (9–13) | Cross-sectional | 3526 School children, Germany | Serum AAT (nephelometry), PCR (S-, Z-alleles), IEF if AAT ≤116 mg·dL−1 and PCR neg. | Passive smoking, urinary cotinine, traffic count | Yes |
Corbo 2003 42 | 13.4±0.7 (11–13) | Cross-sectional | 997 School children, Italy | IEF (M, S, Z, F,V) | Parental smoking, urinary cotinine | Yes |
Wadsworth 2004 43 | 53 | Longitudinal | British national birth cohort, 1946–1999 (n = 3035), UK | IEF (M, S, Z), PCR (G1237A polymorphism) | Active and passive smoking, air pollution | Yes |