Patient status | Country | First author [ref no.] | Diagnostic method | C. pneumoniae | M. pneumoniae | Legionella spp. |
Ambulatory and hospitalised adults | Spain | Almirall 28 | MIF/IFA | 16/105 (15) | 8/105 (8) | Not listed |
Ambulatory adults | Canada | Marrie 29 | Complement fixation/IFA | 21/149 (14)# | 39/149 (26)# | 1/149 (1) |
Ambulatory and hospitalised adults | USA | File 30 | Culture/direct FA test/MIF/EIA | 101/456 (22) | 41/456 (9) | 8/456 (2) |
Hospitalised adults | Spain | Sopena 31 | Culture/MIF/passive agglutination | 41/392 (10) | 5/392 (1) | 48/392 (12) |
Hospitalised adults | France | Aubertin 32 | IFA | Not listed | 24/274 (8) | 55/274 (20) |
Hospitalised adults | Germany | Steinhoff 33 | Culture/IFA/complement fixation | 27/236 (11) | 22/236 (9) | Not listed |
Hospitalised adults | Israel | Leiberman 34 | Serology | 62/346 (18) | 101/346 (29) | 56/346 (16) |
Hospitalised adults | New Zealand | Neill 35 | Culture | 8/255 (3) | 41/255 (16) | 27/255 (11) |
Hospitalised adults | Netherlands | Bohte 36 | IFA | 9/334 (3) | 19/334 (6) | 8/334 (2) |
| Israel | Boldur 37 | IFA | NA | NA | 5–9 |
Hospitalised children | India | Chaudhry 38 | IFA/EIA/particle agglutination | 4/62 (6) | 17/62 (27) | NA |
Ambulatory adults | Switzerland | Bochud 39 | Complement fixation/IFA | 9/170 (5) | 23/170 (14) | 1/170 (1) |
Hospitalised elderly | USA | El Solh 40 | MIF/IFA | 1/104 (1) | | 5/104 (5) |
Not specified | Spain | Ruiz-Gonzalez 41 | Culture/serology/molecular antigen tests | 9/109 (8) | 19/109 (17) | Not listed |