Figures
- Fig. 1.—
Distribution of 271 HIV‐infected patients by previous knowledge of HIV serostatus and antiretroviral therapy at the time of diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB).
: HIV diagnosed concurrently with TB (29.9%); □: HIV diagnosed before TB/not on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART; 39.9%); └: on HAART (30.2%). - Fig. 2.—
CD4 lymphocytes count in 271 HIV‐infected patients at the time of diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) by previous knowledge of HIV serostatus and antiretroviral therapy status. The median value (––), interquartile range and outliers are shown. Mann-Whitney U‐test was used for statistical comparisons. HIV+ at TB: HIV infection diagnosed concurrently with TB (n=81); no HAART at TB: not on antiretroviral therapy at TB diagnosis (n=108); HAART at TB: on antiretroviral therapy at TB diagnosis (n=82). **: p<0.01; #: p>0.05.
Tables
- Table 1—
Characteristics of 271 HIV‐infected patients diagnosed with tuberculosis
Patient characteristics Age yrs median (IQR) 37 (32–41) Sex Male 221 (81.5) Female 50 (18.5) Place of birth Italy 177 (65.3) Other 94 (34.7) HIV transmission category IDUs 130 (48.0) Heterosexual contacts 76 (28.0) MSM 39 (14.4) Other/undefined 26 (9.6) Localisation of TB Pulmonary 150 (55.8) Pulmonary+extrapulmonary 69 (25.4) Extrapulmonary 52 (19.1) CD4 lymphocyte count cells·mm−3 median (IQR) 120 (44–284) Previous episode of tuberculosis 45 (16.6) Previous treatment for latent TB infection 3 (1.5) Data are presented as n (%) unless otherwise indicated
TB: tuberculosis
IQR: interquartile range
IDUs: injecting drug users
MSM: males who have sex with males
- Table 2—
Proportion of patients with diagnosis of HIV infection concurrent with diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) by demographic and epidemiological characteristics
Patient characteristics No. with concurrent HIV‐TB diagnosis/total (%) Adjusted odds ratio# (95% CI) p‐value Patients n 81/271 Sex Male 65/221 (29.4) 3.46 (1.34–8.91) 0.01 Female 16/50 (32.0) 1.00 (ref.) Age yrs 20–30 24/43 (55.8) 1.03 (0.37–2.88) ns 31–40 32/137 (27.5) 0.51 (0.24–1.09) ns >40 25/91 (27.5) 1.00 (ref.) Country of birth Italy 28/177 (15.3) 1.00 (ref.) Other 54/94 (57.4) 4.71 (2.19–10.11) <0.001 HIV transmission category IDUs 11/130 (8.5) 1.00 (ref.) Heterosexual contacts 34/76 (44.7) 6.67 (2.88–15.45) <0.001 MSM 18/39 (46.2) 3.72 (1.39–10.01) 0.009 Other/unknown 18/26 (69.2) 21.68 (6.54–71.89) <0.001 IDUs: injecting drug users
MSM: males who have sex with males
#: estimated in a logistic regression model including the variables listed in the table
- Table 3—
Localisation of tuberculosis (TB) and chest radiograph pattern in patients with pulmonary involvement by antiretroviral therapy at the time of diagnosis of TB
Antiretroviral therapy at the time of diagnosis of TB Yes No Patients n 82 189 Localisation of TB Pulmonary 50 (61.0) 100 (52.9) Pulmonary+extrapulmonary 15 (18.3) 54 (28.6) Extrapulmonary 17 (20.7) 35 (18.5) Chest radiograph pattern# Upper-lobe infiltrate/cavitation 16 (23.2) 45 (26.6) Lower-lobe infiltrate 9 (13.0) 24 (14.2) Pleural effusion 8 (11.6) 18 (10.7) Miliary/interstitial 16 (23.2) 36 (21.3) Other 20 (29.0) 46 (27.2) Data are presented as n (%)
#: among 216 patients with pulmonary involvement and available results of chest radiograph
