Figures
- Fig. 1.—
Prevalence of atopic sensitisation in adolescents from one study area (Grabs) and from the Swiss Study on Childhood Allergy and Respiratory symptoms with respect to Air Pollution (SCARPOL) sample excluding the students from Grabs versus the study year. ○: Grabs; ▾: SCARPOL; ═: 95% confidence interval.
Tables
- Table 1
Characteristics of study population and prevalence of risk factors in three consecutive surveys
Characteristic/risk factor 1992–1993 1995–1997 1999–2000 p‐value for trend Study participation 1324 (74.9) 1668 (80.6) 1250 (73.9) 0.2761 Male sex 630 (47.6) 837 (50.2) 609 (48.7) 0.6211 Swiss nationality 1029 (77.7) 1250 (75.4) 938 (75.5) 0.2654 Urban residency 851 (64.3) 1070 (64.2) 824 (65.9) 0.3306 Low parental education 856 (67.2) 993 (61.8) 701 (58.9) <0.0001 Parental farming 105 (7.9) 93 (5.6) 81 (6.5) 0.2892 Mother's history of asthma 58 (4.4) 88 (5.3) 73 (5.8) 0.1113 Father's history of asthma 79 (6.0) 86 (5.2) 77 (6.2) 0.6596 Mother's history of hay fever 144 (10.9) 181 (10.8) 180 (14.4) 0.0024 Father's history of hay fever 130 (9.8) 192 (11.5) 152 (12.2) 0.0809 Breastfeeding 951 (73.37) 1332 (80.9) 1001 (84.2) <0.0001 No siblings 165 (12.7) 206 (12.4) 131 (10.6) 0.0768 ETS exposure by mother 308 (23.3) 399 (24.4) 303 (25.9) 0.1316 Student current smoker 92 (7.0) 218 (13.1) 182 (14.6) <0.0001 Single oven heating with wood/coal 132 (10.0) 244 (14.7) 175 (14) 0.0123 Water spots or mildew 313 (23.6) 362 (21.7) 287 (23.00) 0.8607 Carpets in student's bedroom 1038 (79.2) 1201 (72.7) 764 (61.9) <0.0001 Any pets 833 (62.9) 1006 (60.3) 725 (58.0) 0.0132 Pets in student's bedroom 447 (36.5) 548 (34.5) 403 (33.6) 0.1621 Removed carpets due to allergy 39 (3.0) 65 (4.0) 73 (5.9) 0.0002 Removed pets due to allergy 34 (2.6) 28 (1.7) 31 (2.5) 0.845 Mother filled in questionnaire 1108 (84) 1409 (84.9) 1034 (83.2) 0.4408 Parents perceive air pollution as a risk factor for respiratory disease in child 166 (13.3) 188 (11.9) 136 (11.6) 0.2316 -
Data are presented as n (%) unless otherwise stated
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ETS: environmental tobacco smoke
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- Table 2
Crude and adjusted prevalence of asthma symptoms and asthma diagnosis in three consecutive surveys according to parental reports and students answers to the ISAAC written questionnaire
Health outcome 1992–1993 1995–1997 1999–2000 p‐value for trend Crude Adjusted Crude Adjusted Crude Adjusted Parental questionnaire n 1324 1668 1250 Wheeze ever 20.9 19.9 (17.6–22.4) 20.7 19.5 (17.4–21.7) 25.2 22.5 (20.0–25.2) 0.14 Wheeze past year 6.7 5.1 (4.0–6.6) 6.8 5.0 (4.0–6.2) 5.7 4.0 (0.3–5.2) 0.15 Wheeze after exercise 9.1 7.8 (6.4–9.4) 8.6 6.8 (5.6–8.2) 8.3 7.4 (6.0–9.1) 0.78 Speech limiting wheeze 1.4 0.9 (0.5–1.7) 1.2 0.7 (0.4–1.2) 1.4 0.7 (0.4–1.2) 0.37 Asthma ever 9.7 7.8 (6.4–9.5) 10.7 7.6 (6.4–9.1) 10.3 7.4 (6.0–9.1) 0.74 Students' written questionnaire n 1158 1386 1182 Wheeze ever 18.5 17.8 (15.4–20.4) 17.6 16.1 (14.0–18.3) 20.4 16.6 (14.4–19.0) 0.55 Wheeze past year 9.7 8.8 (7.2–10.8) 9.2 7.3 (6.0–8.8) 10.9 8.3 (6.8–10.1) 0.83 Wheeze after exercise 18.9 19.3 (16.8–22.0) 15.2 13.5 (11.5–15.6) 18.5 16.8 (14.5–19.2) 0.29 Speech limiting wheeze 2.2 1.5 (1.0–2.5) 1.9 1.3 (0.8–2.0) 2.4 1.6 (1.0–2.6) 0.75 Asthma ever 10.8 9.6 (7.9–11.7) 10.1 8.7 (7.2–10.5) 12.3 9.6 (7.9–11.5) 0.98 -
Data are presented as % or % (95% confidence interval) unless otherwise stated
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Symptom rates were adjusted for study year, sex, parental education, study area, maternal and paternal asthma and hay fever, breastfeeding, number of siblings, heating system, carpets in student's bedroom, pet ownership, getting rid of carpets because of the child's allergy, students active smoking, mother filling in the questionnaire and parental perception of air pollution as a risk factor for their child's respiratory health
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- Table 3
Crude and adjusted prevalence of rhinitis symptoms, hay fever and sensitisation rates in three consecutive surveys, total sample and subsample with serologic measurements
Health outcome 1992–1993 1995–1997 1999–2000 p‐value for trend Crude Adjusted Crude Adjusted Crude Adjusted Total sample parental questionnaire n 1324 1668 1250 Sneezing attack without cold and itchy watery eyes last year 15.1 13.2 (11.1–15.3) 12.1 10.3 (8.8–12.0) 13.4 11.5 (7.9–13.5) 0.26 Hay fever 17.8 16.5 (14.4–18.8) 15.7 13.9 (12.1–15.8) 18.8 16.1 (13.9–18.4) 0.89 Subsample with IgE measurements n 743 831 587 Sneezing attack without cold and itchy watery eyes last year 17.2 13.9 (11.4–16.8) 13.8 11.3 (9.2–13.8) 16.0 15.1 (12.1–18.6) 0.60 Hay fever 19.8 17.1 (14.3–20.2) 18.1 15.6 (13.0–18.5) 19.6 18.3 (14.8–22.0) 0.63 SX1 CAP class ≥2 35.5 34.6 (30.8–38.4) 37.8 38.9 (35.2–42.6) 36.8 35.6 (31.3–40.0) 0.77 Outdoor allergens CAP class ≥2 31.2 30.6 (27.0–34.3) 31.4 31.9 (28.5–35.5) 28.3 27.4 (23.5–31.5) 0.26 Indoor allergens CAP class ≥2 21.8 19.8 (16.8–23.1) 24.2 24.1 (21.0–27.5) 21.6 19.9 (16.5–23.6) 0.96 -
Data are presented as % or % (95% confidence interval) unless otherwise stated
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Symptom rates were adjusted for study year, sex, parental education, study area, maternal and paternal asthma and hay fever, breastfeeding, number of siblings, heating system, carpets in student's bedroom, pet ownership, getting rid of carpets because of the child's allergy, students active smoking, mother filling in the questionnaire and parental perception of air pollution as a risk factor for their child's respiratory health
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IgE: immunoglobulin E
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- Table 4
Adjusted prevalence of asthma and rhinitis symptoms (parental reports) in three consecutive surveys, stratified by family history of asthma or hay fever
Study sample/health outcome 1992–1993 1995–1997 1999–2000 p‐value for trend Positive family history of asthma or hay fever n 432 602 494 Wheeze ever 33.2 (27.8–39.1) 32.9 (28.1–38.0) 33.7 (30.4–41.2) 0.52 Wheeze past year 9.9 (6.7–14.1) 9.7 (7.1–13.1) 5.0 (3.2–7.6) 0.02 Wheeze after exercise 9.9 (7.0–13.8) 10.4 (7.8–13.8) 9.4 (6.7–13.1) 0.80 Asthma ever 15.8 (11.9–20.6) 16.5 (12.9–20.7) 12.0 (8.9–15.8) 0.15 Sneezing attack without cold and itchy watery eyes last year 21.2 (16.8–26.3) 19.8 (16.0–24.1) 23.4 (18.9–28.4) 0.26 Hay fever 31.0 (25.8–36.5) 30.6 (26.1–35.5) 32.0 (27.0–37.3) 0.88 Negative family history of asthma or hay fever n 892 1066 756 Wheeze ever 15.6 (13.2–18.2) 15.4 (13.2–17.7) 18.8 (16.0–21.8) 0.13 Wheeze past year 3.4 (2.4–4.8) 3.4 (2.5–4.7) 3.9 (2.7–5.5) 0.58 Wheeze after exercise 6.9 (5.4–8.8) 5.6 (4.4–7.1) 6.8 (5.1–8.8) 0.92 Asthma ever 5.6 (4.3–7.4) 5.6 (4.3–7.1) 6.6 (5.1–8.7) 0.37 Sneezing attack without cold and itchy watery eyes last year 10.6 (8.7–12.9) 7.6 (6.2–9.4) 7.9 (6.1–10.0) 0.06 Hay fever 12.4 (10.3–14.7) 9.6 (7.9–11.4) 12.2 (10.0–14.7) 0.94 -
Data are presented as % (95% confidence interval) unless otherwise stated
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Symptom rates were adjusted for study year, sex, parental education, study area, breastfeeding, number of siblings, heating system, carpets in student's bedroom, pet ownership, getting rid of carpets because of the child's allergy, students active smoking, mother filling in the questionnaire and parental perception of air pollution as a risk factor for their child's respiratory health
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