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Social position and mortality from respiratory diseases in males and females

E. Prescott, N. Godtfredsen, J. Vestbo, M. Osler
European Respiratory Journal 2003 21: 821-826; DOI: 10.1183/09031936.03.00047502
E. Prescott
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N. Godtfredsen
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J. Vestbo
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M. Osler
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Tables

  • Table 1

    Baseline data of the 26392 subjects in the Copenhagen Centre for Population Studies by level of education

    Level of educationp‐value#
    <8 yrs8–11 yrs>11 yrs
    Subjects n10911116723809
    Age yrs57.9±11.249.7±13.242.7±14.20.001
    Females5858 (53.7)6292 (53.9)1842 (48.4)0.001
    Current smokers6968 (64.1)6864 (58.9)1839 (48.4)0.001
    Heavy smokers3902 (35.9)4001 (34.3)976 (25.6)0.001
    ≥1 Room per person9969 (93.3)10615 (92.6)3460 (93.1)0.11
    White collar2704 (24.8)6339 (35.4)2691 (70.7)0.001
    Personal income ×1000 DKR145±209195±162237±2160.001
    Cohabitating7050 (64.6)7867 (67.4)2220 (58.3)0.001
    CCHS7290 (66.8)6924 (59.3)2993 (78.6)0.001
    Born after 19207019 (64.3)9561 (81.9)3336 (87.6)0.001
    • Data are presented as mean±sd or n (%) unless otherwise stated

    • CCHS: Copenhagen City Heart Study

    • #: from Chi‐squared or analysis of variance

  • Table 2

    Crude relative risk (RR) of death from respiratory disease by indices of education, housing, employment grade, income, and family type in 13992 females and 12400 males in the Copenhagen Centre for Prospective Population Studies

    FemalesMales
    Education
     <8 yrs11
     8–11 yrs0.59 (0.44–0.79)0.53 (0.40–0.70)
     >11 yrs0.42 (0.20–0.89)0.52 (0.33–0.82)
    Housing
     No central heating11
     Central heating0.75 (0.56–1.02)§0.73 (0.56–0.94)
     <1 Room per person11
     ≥1 Room per person1.16 (0.43–3.12)0.52 (0.32–0.86)
    Employment grade
     Managers11
     Salaried employees1.13 (0.55–2.29)1.17 (0.66–2.08)
     Skilled labour1.82 (0.24–14.15)1.53 (0.91–2.59)
     Unskilled labour1.53 (0.76–3.07)2.33 (1.52–3.53)
     Outside work-force1.76 (0.95–3.29)2.37 (1.67–3.37)
     Blue collar#11
     White collar#0.71 (0.43–1.15)0.52 (0.37–0.74)
     Outside workforce1.15 (0.75–1.75)1.19 (0.86–1.64)
    Gross income
     Personal income
      Per 50000 DKR¶0.94 (0.86–1.03)ƒ0.81 (0.76–0.87)
     Household income+
      Per 100000 DKR¶1.00 (0.85–1.17)0.96 (0.76–0.97)
    Family type
     Living alone11
     Cohabitating0.97 (0.74–1.28)0.60 (0.47–0.77)
    • Data are presented as RR (95% confidence interval)

    • #: blue-collar comprised skilled and unskilled labour

    • white-collar comprised managers and salaried employees including self-employed and assistant wives

    • ¶: 8 DKR is ∼1

    • +: subjects living alone excluded

    • §: after adjustment for education, p=0.15

    • ƒ: after adjustment for education, p=0.88

    • Results from Cox regression analyses adjusted for age and cohort of origin

  • Table 3

    Relative risk (RR) of death from respiratory disease by level of education and birth cohort in the Copenhagen Centre for Prospective Population Studies. Results from Cox regression analyses

    EducationFemales#Males#Pooled, adjusted¶
    Born before 1920+
     <8 yrs111
     8–11 yrs0.74 (0.50–1.08)0.62 (0.44–0.88)0.67 (0.52–0.87)
     >11 yrs0.71 (0.31–1.63)0.65 (0.38–1.11)0.74 (0.47–1.16)
    Born 1920 or later+
     <8 yrs111
     8–11 yrs0.42 (0.27–0.68)0.44 (0.28–0.69)0.45 (0.32–0.62)
     >11 yrs0.11 (0.02–0.81)0.32 (0.13–0.80)0.26 (0.11–0.58)
    • Data are presented as RR (95% confidence interval)

    • #: adjusted for age and cohort of origin

    • ¶: males and females pooled, adjusted for age, sex, cohort of origin and smoking (six categories)

    • +: Chi‐squared test for interaction between birth cohort and level of education (females p=0.04; males p=0.25; pooled, adjusted p=0.05)

  • Table 4

    Adjusted relative risk (RR) of death from respiratory disease by indices of education, housing, employment grade, income, and family type in 13992 females and 12400 males in the Copenhagen Centre for Prospective Population Studies

    FemalesMales
    Education#
     <8 yrsRefRef
     ≥8 yrs0.63 (0.47–0.86)0.72 (0.55–0.95)
    Housing
     <1 Room per personRefRef
     ≥1 Room per person0.99 (0.37–2.68)0.51 (0.31–0.84)
    Employment grade¶
     Blue collarRefRef
     White collar0.94 (0.57–1.57)0.68 (0.47–0.99)
     Outside workforce1.53 (0.94–2.48)0.94 (0.63–1.39)
    Gross income
     Personal income
      Per 50000 DKR+1.04 (0.91–1.19)0.88 (0.79–0.97)
    Family type
     Living aloneRefRef
     Cohabitating1.07 (0.79–1.45)0.67 (0.52–0.87)
    Smoking
     Never-smokerRefRef
     Exsmoker2.96 (1.80–4.87)1.39 (0.77–2.51)
     Current smoker
      Noninhaler2.01 (1.23–3.27)1.12 (0.61–2.07)
      1–14 g·day−15.21 (3.23–8.41)2.42 (1.34–4.37)
      15–24 g·day−110.67 (6.62–17.23)3.19 (1.81–5.64)
      >24 g·day−123.71 (12.30–45.73)4.68 (2.52–8.69)
    • Data are presented as RR (95% confidence interval)

    • Ref: reference value

    • #: education groups 8–11 yrs and >11 yrs pooled because of similar RRs

    • ¶: blue collar comprised skilled and unskilled labour

    • white-collar comprised managers and salaried employees including self-employed and assistant wives

    • +: 8 DKR is ∼1

    • Results from Cox regression analyses adjusted for age, cohort of origin and covariates in the table

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Social position and mortality from respiratory diseases in males and females
E. Prescott, N. Godtfredsen, J. Vestbo, M. Osler
European Respiratory Journal May 2003, 21 (5) 821-826; DOI: 10.1183/09031936.03.00047502

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Social position and mortality from respiratory diseases in males and females
E. Prescott, N. Godtfredsen, J. Vestbo, M. Osler
European Respiratory Journal May 2003, 21 (5) 821-826; DOI: 10.1183/09031936.03.00047502
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