Skip to main content

Main menu

  • Home
  • Current issue
  • ERJ Early View
  • Past issues
  • ERS Guidelines
  • Authors/reviewers
    • Instructions for authors
    • Submit a manuscript
    • Open access
    • Peer reviewer login
  • Alerts
  • Subscriptions
  • ERS Publications
    • European Respiratory Journal
    • ERJ Open Research
    • European Respiratory Review
    • Breathe
    • ERS Books
    • ERS publications home

User menu

  • Log in
  • Subscribe
  • Contact Us
  • My Cart

Search

  • Advanced search
  • ERS Publications
    • European Respiratory Journal
    • ERJ Open Research
    • European Respiratory Review
    • Breathe
    • ERS Books
    • ERS publications home

Login

European Respiratory Society

Advanced Search

  • Home
  • Current issue
  • ERJ Early View
  • Past issues
  • ERS Guidelines
  • Authors/reviewers
    • Instructions for authors
    • Submit a manuscript
    • Open access
    • Peer reviewer login
  • Alerts
  • Subscriptions

Nasal nitric oxide measurements for the screening of primary ciliary dyskinesia

T. Wodehouse, S.A. Kharitonov, I.S. Mackay, P.J. Barnes, R. Wilson, P.J. Cole
European Respiratory Journal 2003 21: 43-47; DOI: 10.1183/09031936.03.00305503
T. Wodehouse
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
S.A. Kharitonov
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
I.S. Mackay
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
P.J. Barnes
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
R. Wilson
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
P.J. Cole
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • Article
  • Figures & Data
  • Info & Metrics
  • PDF
Loading

Abstract

Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) presents to general practitioners with symptoms pertinent to a variety of specialists because of the involvement of ciliated epithelium in the upper/lower respiratory tract, ears, eyes and genital tract. There is no easy, reliable screening test for PCD, and thus, the majority of patients remain undiagnosed. Nitric oxide (NO) is measurable in nasal air of normal subjects and found to be low in cystic fibrosis (CF) and very low in PCD. Recently, it was suggested to play an important role in regulating ciliary motility. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether measurements of nasal NO could be used to screen for PCD.

Nasal NO was measured from the nasal cavity by a chemiluminescence analyser in subjects with PCD, healthy controls, CF, idiopathic bronchiectasis, Young's syndrome and lone sinusitis.

Nasal NO was significantly lower in PCD (64.0±36.6) compared with normal controls (759±145.8), idiopathic bronchiectasis (734±163.7), CF (447.5±162.6), lone sinusitis (1487±734) and Young's syndrome (644±129.9). Nasal NO was also significantly lower in PCD than CF patients.

Measurement of nasal nitric oxide may therefore be used clinically in various specialities to screen suspected patients for primary ciliary dyskinesia.

  • cilia
  • nasal nitric oxide measurements
  • primary ciliary dyskinesia

Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is thought to be an autosomal recessive condition in which abnormal or absent beating of cilia hinder normal mucociliary clearance, which may present at birth, in childhood or as an adult. The commonest presentations are in the upper and/or lower respiratory tracts, with mucus retention and recurrent infection, which may become chronic, but it may present in any organ in which the highly conserved structure of the cilium is represented (e.g. ciliated respiratory epithelium, sperm tail).

PCD, although uncommon, is underdiagnosed because of lack of a simple screening test, with patients having to be referred to the few specialised centres with equipment and expertise to measure ciliary beat frequency and ciliary ultrastructure. Hence, few patients benefit from available preventative therapy, and the clinical course is often stormy (e.g. with the development of bronchiectasis, and inappropriate ear, nose and throat procedures 1, 2) because the underlying cause is not identified.

Gustafsson et al. 3 first described nitric oxide (NO) in human exhaled air and later Lundberg and co-workers 4–6 demonstrated that most of the exhaled air of healthy subjects originates from the upper respiratory tract, with only a minor contribution from the lower airways. An elevated level of exhaled NO has been demonstrated in asthma, bronchiectasis or upper respiratory tract infections due to induction of NO synthases during airway inflammation 7–9 and is inhibited by glucocorticoids 10, 11. There are three known conditions with reduced airway NO concentrations: PCD, first demonstrated by Lundberg et al. 12 in four patients with Kartagener's syndrome that had negligible levels of nasal NO patients, and later by other groups 13, 14; cystic fibrosis (CF) 15, 16; and systemic sclerosis with pulmonary hypertension 17. NO is thought to be involved in both the regulation of ciliary motility and host defence.

Nasal NO has been measured in patients with PCD and compared with healthy and relevant disease controls to determine whether nasal NO could be used as a screening test for PCD.

Materials and methods

Subjects

Forty-two patients diagnosed with PCD (16 males, 24 females) attending the Host Defence clinic at Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK, were recruited. Mean age of the patients was 34.2±10.9 yrs. All subjects had a documented ciliary ultrastructural defect: 21 subjects had outer dynein arm deficiency, 12 had inner dynein arm deficiency, five had no dynein arms, two had a microtubular transposition and two had a radial spoke defect. All PCD patients were clinically stable at the time of enrolment and none had any evidence of an acute infective exacerbation, such as pyrexia, chest pain, increased shortness of breath or changes in sputum colour, consistency or volume or any other increase in symptoms.

Sixteen healthy nonsmoking control subjects (hospital staff) volunteered for this study. The mean age was 36.2±6.2 yrs, five were male and 11 were female with no history of respiratory or cardiovascular disease. None were receiving any long-term medication. All controls had been free from upper respiratory tract infections for 4 weeks prior to the NO measurements.

Fifteen CF patients (eight females, seven males) who attended a CF clinic at Royal Brompton Hospital consecutively for annual review took part in the study, all having a proven diagnosis of CF previously confirmed by an abnormal sweat chloride excretion and determination of the genomic defect. Mean age of the CF patients was 22.4±4.5 yrs. Patients with nasal polyposis were excluded.

Eighteen patients attending the ear, nose and throat (ENT) clinic consecutively (nine females and nine males) with chronic sinusitis of non-PCD origin were also recruited at Royal Brompton Hospital. Mean age was 45.3±15.4 yrs. Patients with chronic sinusitis were defined as having two or more of the following symptoms: anosmia or hyposmia, nasal blockage or congestion (not due to polyps), posterior rhinorrhoea or headache for >1 h on most days for 2 months or more 18. All had been diagnosed by an ENT surgeon and verified by computed tomography (CT) scanning. All patients were being treated or had previously been treated for their symptoms with nasal sprays, either decongestants and/or topical corticosteroids. Seven of the patients had undergone previous anstrostomies but these had only been partially successful as the patients were still experiencing persistent symptoms. None of the subjects had any other respiratory or cardiovascular disease.

Twelve male patients attending the Host Defence clinic with Young's syndrome were recruited at the Royal Brompton Hospital. Mean age was 53.2±8.9 yrs. Patients were suspected of having this syndrome if they presented with azoospermia, sinusitis and bronchiectasis, and had PCD and CF excluded as causes. This condition is of unknown aetiology, but may be associated with a history of pink disease (mercury poisoning) in infancy 19, 20.

Twenty patients (14 females, six males) attending the Host Defence clinic consecutively with idiopathic bronchiectasis that had been established radiologically by high-resolution CT scanning were recruited. Mean age was 46.8±14.2 yrs. All 32 subjects had undergone previous ciliary beat frequency and ultrastructure assessment to exclude PCD and estimation of sweat chloride excretion to exclude CF.

Nasal nitric oxide measurements

Nasal NO was measured by a chemiluminescence analyser (LR2000; Logan Research Ltd, Rochester, UK) sensitive to NO at concentrations from 1 to 5,000 parts per billion (ppb) by volume, adapted for on-line recording of NO concentration. This feature obviates the need for collection in a reservoir, with its variable loss of reactive NO, and thus gives a greater sensitivity and reproducibility 21. The chemiluminescence analyser operates over a wide range of ambient temperatures (5–40°C) and relative humidity (0–95%) without adverse effect on measurement accuracy. The analyser was calibrated daily using certified NO mixtures (50 ppb) in nitrogen (BOC special gases, Guildford, UK).

Nasal NO was measured in subjects sitting with a Teflon tube inserted inside the nostril ensuring a tight seal. The subject was then asked to take a deep breath in, close their mouth and not exhale. The breath was held for a minimum of 30 s and the subjects were asked to perform three measurements, the mean of these measurements being taken as the level of NO in the nose. The absence of an increase in carbon dioxide (CO2) whilst sampling nasal NO confirms soft palate closure and improves the reproducibility of the test. Ambient NO level was recorded before each manoeuvre. If subjects were unable to hold their breath or CO2 was demonstrated in the sample, they were excluded from the study. Patients who were disease controls were excluded if the presence of nasal polyps was detected. The method of NO measurement was based on the 1997 European Respiratory Society Guidelines 21. This method was approved by the Royal Brompton Hospital Ethics Committee.

Data analysis

For comparisons between means a one-way analysis of variance was used to test the relationship between the levels of nasal NO and disease. When a statistical difference was found an unpaired t‐test was used in a bivariable way to compare the different groups. A range also is used to describe nasal NO measurements. Results are expressed as the mean±sd. A p‐value of <0.05 was considered significant.

Results

Nasal nitric oxide measurements

All patients and controls completed the study. Nasal NO was very low in patients with PCD (64.0±36.6 ppb), compared with healthy controls (759±145.8 ppb), and significantly lower (p<0.0001) than in all disease control groups (fig. 1⇓): CF (447.5±162.6 ppb), idiopathic bronchiectasis (734±163.7 ppb), lone sinusitis of non-PCD origin (1,487±734 ppb), and Young's syndrome (644±129.9 ppb). PCD nasal NO was significantly lower than CF values (p<0.0001) (table 1⇓). Finally, there was no significant difference in the nasal NO concentrations in PCD patients with different types of ultrastructural defects (fig. 2⇓).

Fig. 1.—
  • Download figure
  • Open in new tab
  • Download powerpoint
Fig. 1.—

Nasal nitric oxide (NO) levels in subjects with primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD; 17–180 parts per billion (ppb)) compared with healthy controls (543–976 ppb), and subjects with cystic fibrosis (CF; 241–896 ppb), sinusitis (862–3601 ppb), Young's syndrome (330–1532 ppb) and bronchiectasis (516–1098 ppb). #: p<0.0001.

Fig. 2.—
  • Download figure
  • Open in new tab
  • Download powerpoint
Fig. 2.—

Mean nasal nitric oxide (NO) levels in different ultrastructural defects in subjects with primary ciliary dyskinesia. ppb: parts per billion.

View this table:
  • View inline
  • View popup
Table 1

Nasal nitric oxide (NO) in patients with primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) compared with healthy controls and patients with other infective respiratory conditions

Discussion

Negligible levels of nasal NO in PCD were first identified by Lundberg et al. 12 and this were further investigated by other groups 13, 14. In this study, it has been confirmed that a PCD cohort of well-defined ultrastructural defects have markedly lower levels of nasal NO compared with normal controls. It was also demonstrated that there is no overlap with other appropriate disease controls that exhibit similar upper respiratory symptoms as the PCD group, which differ from a previous study in which Grasemann et al. 13 compared PCD with CF. A nasal NO of <200 ppb would therefore indicate PCD and would thus appear suitable as a screening test for PCD.

There are several possible explanations for the low levels of nasal NO in PCD. It may be due to reduced or absent production of NO. There is growing evidence that NO plays a crucial role in the upregulation of ciliary motility 22–24, although the cellular control of ciliary function is not well understood. As the majority of respiratory epithelial cells are ciliated and contain nitric oxide synthase (NOS), it could be speculated that NO may modulate airway ciliary beating. If so, PCD might be expected to be closely related to impaired NO synthesis. If this were the case, stimulation of NO by NO donors, for example l‐arginine substrates, could be of benefit in the treatment of this condition. The authors have recently demonstrated an increase in nasal mucociliary clearance and nasal NO in a small group of patients with PCD inhaling nebulised arginine 25, but it remains to be determined whether repeated short-term stimulation of NO production would be able to sustain adequate mucociliary clearance in the long-term treatment of patients with PCD. In another study, a small protein-designated protein inhibitor of neuronal NOS (PIN) was identified as a component of Chlamydomonas flagellar dynein (90% homology with human proteins) and has been implicated as a regulator of neuronal NOS 26, 27, suggesting another possible relationship between dynein/cilia and NO regulation.

Recent work by Meng et al. 28 demonstrated that there is a negligible amount of NOS in bronchial epithelium of CF lung. Nasal NO measurements are found to be low in CF 16 compared with healthy controls, but not nearly as low as in PCD patients. Lack of NOS may also account for the negligible NO in PCD patients, which is a possibility that needs to be investigated.

In this study, there was no overlap of nasal measurements between PCD and other disease controls, most notably between PCD and CF, however, the presence of nasal polyps were excluded from this study. Arnal et al. 29 demonstrated that nasal NO concentrations in nonallergic patients with nasal polyposis were significantly decreased compared with controls and a correlation was found between the degree of obstruction of the paranasal sinuses and nasal NO measurements. Recently, Hadfield et al. 30 reported that 37% of 211 CF patients had significant nasal polyposis 30. It would therefore seem reasonable to suggest that polyposis in CF may account for low measurements in some cases. As there was no overlap with other disease controls, this screening test for PCD appears to be 100% sensitive and specific. Other authors have demonstrated high concentrations of the NO metabolites nitrate and nitrite in CF airway secretions. In vitro studies have shown that superoxide anion release from activated polymorphonuclear neutrophils reduces airway epithelial cell-derived NO by forming nitrate 31. This suggests that airway NO in CF could be decreased by degradation in airway fluids and this needs to be investigated in PCD.

The authors conclude that nasal nitric oxide measurement is a simple noninvasive screening test for primary ciliary dyskinesia. However, the technique of measuring nitric oxide does require a certain level of expertise and the availability of the equipment used is not currently widespread, but with the heightened interest of using nitric oxide as a measurement of inflammation in asthma and other diseases 32, more centres are purchasing the equipment. This method does not replace the use of ciliary beat assessment on nasal brushing or biopsy to confirm the diagnosis and elucidate its ultrastructural nature. Furthermore, the expertise for assessment of ciliary beat frequency and electron microscopy is only available at a few specialised centres and therefore the diagnosis is not even considered in many patients presenting with upper and lower respiratory problems 1. Thus, primary ciliary dyskinesia is underdiagnosed and appropriate preventative and symptomatic treatment may be denied in these patients.

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to D. Geddes for giving permission to include his cystic fibrosis patients in the study and S. Meah for technical assistance.

  • Received January 2, 2002.
  • Accepted August 6, 2002.
  • © ERS Journals Ltd

References

  1. ↵
    Bush A, Cole PJ, Hariri M, et al. Primary ciliary dyskinesia: diagnosis and standards of care. Eur Respir J 1998;12:982–988.
    OpenUrlAbstract
  2. ↵
    Hadfield PJ, Rowe-Jones JM, Bush A, Mackay IS. Treatment of otitis media effusion in children with primary ciliary dyskinesia. Clin Otolaryngol 1997;22:302–306.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  3. ↵
    Gustafsson LE, Leone AM, Persson M‐G, Wiklund NP, Moncada S. Endogenous nitric oxide is present in the exhaled air of rabbits, guinea pigs and humans. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 1991;181:852–857.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  4. ↵
    Alving K, Weitzberg E, Lundberg JM. Increased amount of nitric oxide in exhaled air of asthmatics. Eur Respir J 1993;6:1268–1270.
    OpenUrl
  5. Lundberg J, Rinder J, Weitzberg E, Lundberg J, Alving K. Nasally exhaled nitric oxide originates mainly in the paranasal sinuses. Acta Physiol Scand 1994;152:431–432.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  6. ↵
    Lundberg JON, Farkas-Szallasi T, Weitzberg E, et al. High nitric oxide production in human paranasal sinuses. Nature Med 1995;1:370–373.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  7. ↵
    Kharitonov SA, Yates D, Robbins RA, Logan Sinclair R, Shinebourne EA, Barnes PJ. Increased nitric oxide in exhaled air of asthmatic patients. Lancet 1994;343:133–135.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  8. Kharitonov SA, Wells AU, O'Conner B, Hansell D, Cole PJ, Barnes PJ. Elevated levels of exhaled nitric oxide in bronchiectasis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;151:1889–1893.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  9. ↵
    Kharitonov SA, Yates D, Barnes PJ. Increased nitric oxide in exhaled air of normal human subjects with upper respiratory tract infections. Eur Respir J 1995;8:295–297.
    OpenUrlAbstract
  10. ↵
    Kharitonov SA, Yates DH, Barnes PJ. Inhaled glucocorticoids decrease nitric oxide in exhaled air of asthmatic patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996;153:454–457.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  11. ↵
    Jatakanon A, Lim S, Chung KF, Barnes PJ. An inhaled steroid improves markers of airway inflammation in patients with mild asthma. Eur Respir J 1998;12:1084–1088.
    OpenUrlAbstract
  12. ↵
    Lundberg JON, Weitzberg E, Nordvall SL, Kuylenstierna R, Lundberg JM, Alving K. Primarily nasal origin of exhaled nitric oxide and absence in Kartagener's syndrome. Eur Respir J 1994;7:1501–1504.
    OpenUrlAbstract
  13. ↵
    Grasemann H, Gartig SS, Weisemann HG, Teschler H, Konietzko N, Ratjen F. Effect of l‐arginine infusion on airway NO in cystic fibrosis and primary ciliary dyskinesia syndrome. Eur Respir J 1999;13:114–118.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  14. ↵
    Karadag B, James AJ, Gultekin E, Wilson NM, Bush A. Nasal and lower airway level of nitric oxide in children with primary ciliary dyskinesia. Eur Respir J 1999;13:1402–1405.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  15. ↵
    Balfour-Lyn I, Laverty MA, Dinwiddle R. Reduced upper airway nitric oxide in cystic fibrosis. Arch Dis Child 1996;75:319–322.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  16. ↵
    Grasemann H, Michler E, Wallot M, Ratjen F. Decreased concentrations of exhaled nitric oxide (NO) in patients with cystic fibrosis. Ped Pulmonol 1997;24:173–177.
  17. ↵
    Kharitonov SA, Cailes JB, Black CM, du Bois RM, Barnes PJ. Decreased nitric oxide in the exhaled air of patients with systemic sclerosis with pulmonary hypertension. Thorax 1997;52:1051–1055.
    OpenUrlAbstract
  18. ↵
    Lund VJ, Mackay IS. Staging in rhinosinusitis. Rhinology 1993;31:183–184.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  19. ↵
    Hendry WF, A'Hern RP, Cole PJ. Was Young's syndrome caused by exposure to mercury in childhood?. BMJ 1993;307:1579–1582.
  20. ↵
    Warkany J, Hubbard DM. Mercury in the urine of children with acrodymia. Lancet 1948;i:829–830.
    OpenUrl
  21. ↵
    Kharitonov S, Alving K, Barnes P. Exhaled and nasal nitric oxide measurements: recommendations. Eur Respir J 1997;10:1683–1693.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  22. ↵
    Jain B, Rubinstein I, Robbins RA, Sisson J. TNF‐α and IL-1β upregulate nitric oxide-dependent ciliary motility in bovine airway epithelium. Am Physiol Soc 1995;268:L911–L917.
    OpenUrl
  23. Jain B, Rubistein I, Robbins RA, Leise KL, Sisson JH. Modulation of airway epithelial cell ciliary beat frequency by nitric oxide. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 1993;191:83–88.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  24. ↵
    Sisson JH. Ethanol stimulates apparent nitric oxide-dependent ciliary beat frequency in bovine airway epithelial cells. Am Physiol Soc 1995;268:L596–L600.
    OpenUrl
  25. ↵
    Loukides S, Kharitonov S, Wodehouse T, Cole PJ, Barnes PJ. Effect of arginine on mucociliary function in primary ciliary dyskinesia. Lancet 1998;352:371–372.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  26. ↵
    Jaffrey SR, Snyder SH. PIN: An associated protein inhibitor of neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Science 1996;274:774–777.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  27. ↵
    Benashski SE, Harrison A, Patel-King RS, King SM. Dimerization of the highly conserved light chain shared by dynein and myosin. J Biol Chem 1997;272:20929–20935.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  28. ↵
    Meng D‐H, Springall DR, Bishop AE, et al. Lack of inducible nitric oxide synthase in bronchial epithelium: a possible mechanism of susceptibility to infection in cystic fibrosis. J Pathol 1998;184:323–331.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  29. ↵
    Arnal JF, Flores P, Rami J, et al. Nasal nitric oxide concentration in paranasal sinus inflammatory diseases. Eur Respir J 1999;13:307–312.
    OpenUrlAbstract
  30. ↵
    Hadfield PJ, Rowe-Jones JM, Mackay IS. The prevalence of nasal polyps in adults with cystic fibrosis. Clin Otolaryngol 2000;25:19–22.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  31. ↵
    Jones KL, Bryan TW, Jinkins PA, et al. Superoxide release from neutrophils causes a reduction in nitric oxide gas. Am J Physiol 1998;275:1120–1126.
    OpenUrl
  32. ↵
    Kharitonov SA, Barnes PJ. Clinical aspects of exhaled nitric oxide. Eur Respir J 2000;16:781–792.
    OpenUrlAbstract
View Abstract
PreviousNext
Back to top
View this article with LENS
Vol 21 Issue 1 Table of Contents
  • Table of Contents
  • Index by author
Email

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word on European Respiratory Society .

NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.

Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.
Nasal nitric oxide measurements for the screening of primary ciliary dyskinesia
(Your Name) has sent you a message from European Respiratory Society
(Your Name) thought you would like to see the European Respiratory Society web site.
CAPTCHA
This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.
Print
Citation Tools
Nasal nitric oxide measurements for the screening of primary ciliary dyskinesia
T. Wodehouse, S.A. Kharitonov, I.S. Mackay, P.J. Barnes, R. Wilson, P.J. Cole
European Respiratory Journal Jan 2003, 21 (1) 43-47; DOI: 10.1183/09031936.03.00305503

Citation Manager Formats

  • BibTeX
  • Bookends
  • EasyBib
  • EndNote (tagged)
  • EndNote 8 (xml)
  • Medlars
  • Mendeley
  • Papers
  • RefWorks Tagged
  • Ref Manager
  • RIS
  • Zotero

Share
Nasal nitric oxide measurements for the screening of primary ciliary dyskinesia
T. Wodehouse, S.A. Kharitonov, I.S. Mackay, P.J. Barnes, R. Wilson, P.J. Cole
European Respiratory Journal Jan 2003, 21 (1) 43-47; DOI: 10.1183/09031936.03.00305503
del.icio.us logo Digg logo Reddit logo Technorati logo Twitter logo CiteULike logo Connotea logo Facebook logo Google logo Mendeley logo
Full Text (PDF)

Jump To

  • Article
    • Abstract
    • Materials and methods
    • Results
    • Discussion
    • Acknowledgments
    • References
  • Figures & Data
  • Info & Metrics
  • PDF
  • Tweet Widget
  • Facebook Like
  • Google Plus One

More in this TOC Section

  • Markers of activity in clinically recovered human leukocyte antigen-DR17-positive sarcoidosis patients
  • Airway surface pH in subjects with cystic fibrosis
Show more Original Articles: Biomarkers of Lung Disease

Related Articles

Navigate

  • Home
  • Current issue
  • Archive

About the ERJ

  • Journal information
  • Editorial board
  • Press
  • Permissions and reprints
  • Advertising

The European Respiratory Society

  • Society home
  • myERS
  • Privacy policy
  • Accessibility

ERS publications

  • European Respiratory Journal
  • ERJ Open Research
  • European Respiratory Review
  • Breathe
  • ERS books online
  • ERS Bookshop

Help

  • Feedback

For authors

  • Instructions for authors
  • Publication ethics and malpractice
  • Submit a manuscript

For readers

  • Alerts
  • Subjects
  • Podcasts
  • RSS

Subscriptions

  • Accessing the ERS publications

Contact us

European Respiratory Society
442 Glossop Road
Sheffield S10 2PX
United Kingdom
Tel: +44 114 2672860
Email: journals@ersnet.org

ISSN

Print ISSN:  0903-1936
Online ISSN: 1399-3003

Copyright © 2023 by the European Respiratory Society