Figures
- Fig. 1.—
Prevalence of chronic cough (□), chronic bronchitis (┘) and chronic expectoration (
) according to the presence or absence of comorbidities and smoking habits. CI: confidence interval.
Tables
- Table 1
Description and comparison of responders and nonresponders
Responders Nonresponders p-value Sex Sex ratio M:F 0.85 1.05 0.01 Age 25–39 yrs 4634 (32.9) 1405 (51.6) 0.01 40–59 yrs 4305 (30.6) 822 (30.2) >60 yrs 5137 (36.5) 497 (18.2) Mean age yrs 51.1 43.3 0.01 Socioeconomic status Manual workers# 4285 (30.4) 1061 (38.95) 0.01 Managers¶ 3446 (24.5) 820 (30.1) 0.01 Nonworking population+ 6345 (45.1) 843 (30.95) 0.01 Habitat Rural 3346 (23.8) 667 (24.5) ns Town <100000 inhabitants 4535 (32.2) 808 (29.6) ns Town >100000 inhabitants 6195 (44.0) 1249 (45.8) ns Area Paris area 4993 (35.5) 1002 (36.8) ns North & east 2284 (16.2) 393 (14.4) ns West & south-west 3435 (24.4) 671 (24.6) ns South-east & Mediterranean area 3364 (23.9) 658 (24.2) ns -
Data are presented as n (%) unless otherwise stated
-
M: male
-
F: female
-
ns: nonsignificant
-
#: farmers, employees, workers, etc.
-
¶: company managers, managerial staff, professional people, middlemen, shopkeepers, foremen, craftsmen etc.
-
+: retired, others
-
- Table 2
Smoking habits in subjects with chronic bronchitis (CB), chronic cough (CC), chronic expectoration (CE) or no symptoms, according to presence or absence of comorbid illnesses
No CC, no CE CB CC CE With comorbidity Without comorbidity With comorbidity Without comorbidity With comorbidity Without comorbidity With comorbidity Without comorbidity Subjects n 1772 11700 245 336 207 468 121 269 Current smokers 14.9 20.2 28.2 57.4 26.1 50.0 19.8 27.1 1–14 pack-yrs 58.3 61.0 30.9 43.1 41.5 37.3 61.9 66.7 15–24 pack-yrs 23.3 20.7 23.7 22.5 24.4 23.7 14.3 15.0 ≥25 pack-yrs 18.5 18.3 45.5 34.4 34.1 39.0 23.8 18.3 <1 cig·day−1 2.3 4.4 0 1.5 3.7 1.7 0 1.4 2–20 cig·day−1 68.6 67.7 46.4 42.5 51.9 35.5 62.5 61.6 ≥20 cig·day−1 29.2 28.1 53.6 56.0 44.5 62.8 37.5 37.0 Duration yrs 24.1±15.3 21.9±12.9 29.3±16.8 24.3±13.7 25.1±13.3 24.3±12.9 25.0±16.6 19.9±12.4 Exsmokers 34.0 29.6 31.4 19.4 30.9 18.4 41.3 32.3 1–14 pack-yrs 43.4 58.8 29.0 35.6 47.3 54.2 35.6 53.2 15–24 pack-yrs 19.9 18.0 23.2 18.7 0.1 15.3 24.4 21.5 ≥25 pack-yrs 60.4 23.2 47.8 45.8 43.5 30.6 40.0 25.3 <1 cig·day−1 3.8 5.0 2.6 4.6 6.3 4.7 0.0 2.3 2–20 cig·day−1 55.2 56.9 42.9 46.2 45.3 53.5 60.0 60.9 ≥20 cig·day−1 41.0 38.1 54.5 49.2 48.4 41.9 40.0 36.8 Duration yrs 23.4±14.1 18.0±12.0 25.0±14.3 26.1±13.4 23.2±15.4 19.8±12.7 26.1±12.7 20.3±12.2 Nonsmokers 51.1 50.3 40.4 23.2 43.0 31.6 38.8 40.5 -
Data are expressed as % of the population unless otherwise stated
-
- Table 3
Risk factors for chronic cough, chronic expectoration and chronic bronchitis#
Reference Odds ratio 95% Confidence interval p-value Chronic cough Current smokers Nonsmokers 2.79 2.30–3.39 <0.0001 Comorbidity No comorb 2.94 2.47–3.50 <0.0001 Pack-yrs 1 1.01 1.01–1.02 <0.0001 Chronic expectoration Current smokers Nonsmokers 1.64 1.24–2.16 <0.0001 Comorbidity No comorb 2.74 2.19–3.42 <0.0001 Chronic bronchitis Current smokers Nonsmokers 3.41 2.75–4.22 <0.0001 Comorbidity No comorb 4.90 4.10–5.86 <0.0001 Pack-yrs 1 1.02 1.01–1.02 <0.0001 -
#: calculated by multivariate logistic regression analysis and adjusted for age and sex
-
- Table 4
Individuals with chronic bronchitis (CB), chronic cough (CC) and chronic expectoration (CE) who had pulmonary function evaluation, a diagnosis of CB made, and/or were followed-up for CB
CB CC CE With comorbidity Without comorbidity With comorbidity Without comorbidity With comorbidity Without comorbidity Pulmonary function evaluation 72.2 44.6 72.5 41.9 70.3 43.3 Diagnosis of CB 52.3 24.0 38.8 14.2 39.8 12.3 Follow-up for CB 37.6 7.2 23.7 3.7 21.0 3.3 -
Data are percentages
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