Figures
- Fig. 1.—
Mean levels of the lung function parameters. a) Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) (n=1,691), b) maximum expiratory flow at 25% of the vital capacity (MEF25) (n=1,669) and c) maximum expiratory flow at 50% of the vital capacity (MEF50) (n=1,690) in children according to plasma levels of α1-antitrypsin (α1-AT). At each reported level of α1-AT, the children were divided into those with levels below (•) and those with levels above (○) that cut-off point. The cumulative percentages of children with α1-AT levels below the respective cut-off points were: 110 mg·dL−1 3%; 120 mg·dL−1 5.1%; 130 mg·dL−1 10.4%; 140 mg·dL−1 21.2%; 150 mg·dL−1 40.2%, and at 160 mg·dL−1 61.6%.
Tables
- Table 1—
Sample size for means below the respective α1-antitrypsin (α1-AT) threshold
α1-AT threshold α1-AT<110 α1-AT<120 α1-AT<130 α1-AT<140 α1-AT<150 α1-AT<160 FEV1 of pred 51 (3.0) 87 (5.1) 176 (10.4) 358 (21.2) 680 (40.2) 1042 (61.6) MEF25 % pred 48 (2.9) 83 (5.0) 171 (10.2) 351 (21.0) 668 (40.0) 1024 (61.4) MEF50 % pred 51 (3.0) 87 (5.1) 176 (10.4) 358 (21.2) 680 (40.2) 1042 (61.6) -
Data are presented as n (%)
-
FEV1: forced expiratory volume in one second
-
MEF25 and MEF50: maximum expiratory flow at 25% and 50% of vital capacity, respectively
-
- Table 2—
Number of children who were invited and children with German nationality who participated in the study
Children addressed n 7498 Questionnaires returned 85.3% (6399/7498) German children 87.8% (5629/6399) Blood samples obtained 59.6% (3356#,¶/5629) Baseline lung function 65.6% (2313¶/3526+) Blood sample and baseline lung function 48.8% (1720¶/3526+) -
#: German children only
-
¶: children with questionnaire returned
-
+: random subsample, German children only
-
- Table 3—
Plasma levels of α1-antitrypsin (α1-AT) in children in Dresden and Munich according to the genotype
Genotype Subjects n Plasma levels of α1-AT Dresden Munich Median (min–max) mg·dL−1 Median (mini–max) mg·dL−1 PiMS genotype 121 # 132 (95–183) + 134 (97–229) + PiMZ genotype 80 # 102 (71–187) +,§ 101 (52–151) +,§ Others 3040 # 154 (83–254) 153 (77–255) Total sample 329¶ 152 (71–254) 152 (52–255) -
Pi: protein inhabitor
-
#: German children with measurements of α1-AT in plasma and α1-AT genotyping
-
¶: total number of German children with measurements of α1-AT in plasma
-
+: Wilcoxon p<0.001 as compared to others
-
§: Wilcoxon p<0.01 as compared to Pi MS genotype
-
- Table 4—
Pulmonary function in children according to genotype and plasma level of α1-antitrypsin (α1-AT)
Lung function Genotype Plasma levels PiMS PiMZ Others α1-AT≤116 mg·dL−1 % pred; mean±se α1-AT>116 mg·dL−1 % pred; mean±se Subjects n 61 41 1595 68 1623 FVC 99.8±1.4 99.9±1.7 100.2±0.3 100.6±1.4 100.2±0.3 FEV1 100.0±1.3 98.8±1.6 99.8±0.3 98.5±1.3 99.9±0.3 FEV1/FVC 100.4±0.8 99.1±1.0 99.9±0.2 98.1±0.7 ¶ 99.9±0.2 PEF 101.2±2.5 97.7±3.0 100.3±0.5 96.2±1.9 ¶ 100.5±0.5 MEF75 101.7±2.4 95.4±3.0 99.6±0.5 93.8±1.8 ¶ 99.8±0.5 MEF50 99.9±2.9 90.6±3.5*,# 99.0±0.6 90.0±2.9 ¶ 99.0±0.6 MEF25 98.1±4.1 95.1±5.1 99.1±0.8 91.2±3.4 99.0±0.8 MMEF 101.6±3.2 94.6±3.8 99.0±0.6 92.9±2.5 ¶ 99.1±0.6 -
Data are presented as % predicted; least square mean±se unless otherwise stated
-
FVC: forced vital capacity
-
FEV1: forced expiratory volume in one second
-
PEF: peak expiratory flow
-
MEF75, MEF50, MEF25: maximum expiratory flow at 75%, 50% and 25% of vital capacity, respectively
-
MMEF: maximal midexpiratory flow
-
Pi: protein inhibitor
-
*: p<0.05 in one-way analysis of variance: PiMZ in comparison to children with other genotypes
-
#: p<0.05 in one-way ANOVA: PiMZ in comparison to PiMS
-
p-values corrected for multiple comparisons with the stepwise Bonferroni method 20
-
¶: p<0.05 in t-test: children with α1-AT≤116 mg·dL−1 in comparison to children with α1-AT levels >116 mg·dL−1
-
- Table 5—
Combined effects of α1-antitrypsin (α1-AT) plasma levels and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) on pulmonary function
Subjects n FVC FEV1 FEV1/FVC PEF MEF75 MEF50 MEF25 MMEF α1-AT normal ETS unexposed 1331 99.8±0.3 99.7±0.3 100.1±0.2 101.0±0.5 100.3±0.5 99.3±0.6 99.0±0.9 99.1±0.7 α1-AT normal ETS exposed 226 102.3±0.7 101.5±0.7 99.4±0.5 98.0±1.3 97.4±1.2 99.0±1.5 100.3±2.1 99.9±1.7 α1-AT low ETS unexposed 55 101.8±1.4 100.4±1.4 98.7±0.9 96.7±2.6 93.9±2.6¶ 92.6±3.1¶ 96.6±4.4 96.8±3.4 α1-AT low ETS exposed 10 92.3±3.3# 88.5±3.3# 96.4±2.1 92.6±6.1 94.7±6.0 79.4±7.2# 67.4±10.0# 73.7±8.6# -
Data are presented as % predicted; least square mean±se
-
FVC: forced vital capacity
-
FEV1: forced expiratory volume in one second
-
PEF: peak expiratory flow
-
MEF75, MEF50 and MEF25: maximum expiratory flow at 75%, 50% and 25% of vital capacity, respectively
-
MMEF: maximal midexpiratory flow
-
α1-AT normal: >116 mg·dL−1
-
α1-AT low: ≤116 mg·dL−1
-
ETS unexposed: <10 cigarettes smoked per day at home
-
ETS exposed: ≥10 cigarettes smoked per day at home
-
#: p<0.05 in two-way ANOVA: children with α1-AT low and ETS exposed in comparison to children with α1-AT normal and ETS exposed
-
¶: p<0.05 in two-way ANOVA: children with α1-AT low and ETS unexposed in comparison to children with α1-AT normal and ETS unexposed
-
p-values corrected for multiple comparisons with the stepwise Bonferroni method 20
-
- Table 6—
Combined effects of α1-antitrypsin (α1-AT) plasma levels and exposure to truck traffic density on pulmonary function adjusted for environmmental tobacco smoke (ETS)
Subjects n FVC FEV1 FEV1/FVC PEF MEF75 MEF50 MEF25 MMEF α1-AT normal Truck traffic unexposed 373 101.1±0.6 99.6±0.6 98.7±0.4 97.5±1.1 97.0±1.1 96.5±1.4 95.0±2.0 95.4±1.5 α1-AT normal Truck traffic exposed 185 102.4±0.8 100.5±0.8 98.4±0.6 97.8±1.5 97.2±1.4 96.8±1.8 96.0±2.5 95.8±2.1 α1-AT low Truck traffic unexposed 13 95.1±3.2 94.2±3.2 99.1±2.3 98.5±6.1 100.0±6.0 87.2±7.3 85.5±10.7 85.7±8.4 α1-AT low Truck traffic exposed 8 95.7±3.5 90.5±3.5 94.8±2.5 93.7±6.6 95.4±6.5 79.9±7.9 72.3±12.0 76.2±17.1 -
Data are presented as % predicted; least square mean±se (from the cell means model, which includes an α1-AT ETS interaction term)
-
FVC: forced vital capacity
-
FEV1: forced expiratory volume in one second
-
PEF: peak expiratory flow
-
MEF75, MEF50 and MEF25: maximum expiratory flow at 75%, 50% and 25% of vital capacity, respectively
-
MMEF: maximal midexpiratory flow
-
α1-AT normal: >116 mg·dL−1
-
α1-AT low: ≤116 mg·dL−1
-
truck traffic unexposed: ≤730 trucks·day−1 at streets in a radius of 100 m around the children's homes. Truck traffic exposed: >730 trucks·day−1 at streets in a radius of 100 m around the children's homes
-
