… In some studies there is no change in total T-cell population but an increase in B-lymphocytes
in COPD patients 51, 52. There is also an increase in apoptosis of peripheral T-…

… The dyspnoea pathway (figure 2) closely follows the GOLD 2017 recommendations for
groups B and D, using additional long-acting bronchodilator treatment to manage symptoms. In …

The American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society jointly created a Task Force
on “Outcomes for COPD pharmacological trials: from lung function to biomarkers” to inform …

Background The Standards for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Patients with COPD
document 2004 updates the position papers on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) …

Background Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by an incompletely
reversible limitation in airflow. A physiological variable — the forced expiratory volume …

… This Joint Statement of the American Thoracic Society (ATS) and the European Respiratory
Society (ERS) was adopted by the ATS Board of Directors, December 2005, and by the ERS …

… The other patient, who has had no exacerbations, would be classified as GOLD grade 4,
group B. In such patients—besides pharmacotherapy and rehabilitation—lung reduction, lung …

Background Long-acting beta-agonists and inhaled corticosteroids are used to treat chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but their effect on survival is unknown. Methods We …

… The BODE index was calculated according to Celli et al [5]. … Relationship between age
(panel A) and cumulative smoking exposure (panel B) at entry into the study and degree of airflow …

Background Previous studies showing that tiotropium improves multiple end points in
patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) led us to examine the long-term …