The discovery of endotoxin dates from the late nineteenth century when Richard Pfeiffer, then
working in Berlin, characterized endotoxins as heat-stable and cell-associated molecules (…

… Therefore, in S. minnesota lipid A two molecular species are recognized, differing in the …
Such acyl-deficient structures are particularly found in enterobacterial S-form LPS (33). The …

… FGFRs are comprised of four highly conserved genes (FGFR1–4) and one gene lacking the
sequences corresponding to a kinase domain (FGFR5). Additionally, alternative splicing of …

… In contrast, digested PGN from two Gram-positive bacteria, S. aureus and Curtobacterium
flaccumfaciens (which do not contain DAP, but contain a lysine residue at the same position 17 …

… 15 and the source files of the major clone groups marked eY fY...s are summarized in Table
5. For clone pairs at A, C, and G, source files of each pair have the same name. Almost all …

… The next day, the cells were exposed to increasing amounts of S. minnesota Re595 LPS
in the presence of medium only (diamonds), 0.5 μg/mL lipid IVa or RSLA (squares), or 5 μg/mL …

… As Table 5 shows, significant tolerance to a 150 pg challenge with S. abortus equi
lipopolysaccharide had developed 4 days after pretreatment in all groups. This is indicated by the …

At mammalian body temperature, the plague bacillus Yersinia pestis synthesizes lipopolysaccharide
(LPS)–lipid A with poor Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)–stimulating activity. To address …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are innate recognition molecules for microbial products, but their
direct interactions with corresponding ligands remain unclarified. LPS, a membrane …

NOD2, a protein associated with susceptibility to Crohn's disease, confers responsiveness
to bacterial preparations of lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan, but the precise moiety …