Purpose The association between benzodiazepine use and delirium risk in the ICU remains
unclear. Prior investigations have failed to account for disease severity prior to delirium …

Instrumental variables (IV) analysis seems an attractive method to control for unmeasured
confounding in observational epidemiological studies. Here, we provide an overview of the …

Objective:To study whether replacement of nosocomial ampicillin-resistant Enterococcus
faecium (ARE) clones by vancomycin-resistant E. faecium (VRE), belonging to the same …

Objective In asymptomatic women with a multiple pregnancy and short cervix prophylactic
use of a cervical pessary might reduce preterm birth. We assessed the possible treatment …

A propensity score is the probability of being treated or exposed, given measured
confounders such as age. Propensity score methods can control for measured confounders in …

A systematic distortion of the relationship between a treatment, risk factor or exposure and
clinical outcomes is denoted by the term'bias'. Three types of bias can be distinguished: …

A good performance indicator reflects the quality of care and uses clinical outcomes. When
outcomes are difficult to obtain, process and structure variables can provide a good picture of …

Confounding is an important and common issue in observational (non-randomized)
research on the effects of pharmaceuticals or exposure to etiologic factors (determinants). …

Effect modification and interaction are terms often used in medical research. However, the
analysis of effect modification and interaction has differing objectives. These two phenomena …

Objective. Article full texts are often inaccessible via the standard search engines of
biomedical literature, such as PubMed and Embase, which are commonly used for systematic …