… fibers modifies brain concentration of serotonin, GABA, and glutamate (Ressler and Mayberg,
2007) and is used in the treatment of drug resistant epilepsy and depression (Bonaz et al., …

… (B) The VN also indirectly modulates the immune activity of the spleen through its connections
with the splenic sympathetic nerve in the celiac ganglion to release norepinephrine (NE) …

… is likely to be an underestimate as (a) the possible relationship between gastro-intestinal
symptoms and gluten intake was not systematically explored in this population sample, and (b) …

… We used 2 proxy variables to assess the burden of FGIDs: (1) health care utilization; ie,
history of (a) physician consultation about bowel problems and (b) frequency of doctor visits per …

Background & Aims: Myelosuppression in patients with Crohn's disease (CD) treated with
azathioprine has been attributed to low activity of thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT). …

… The guidelines provided in this paper will (a) help the clinician to reach a firm and
positive diagnosis of NCGS and (b) facilitate the comparisons of different studies, if adopted …

The vagus nerve ( VN ) is a link between the brain and the gut. The VN is a mixed nerve
with anti‐inflammatory properties through the activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal …

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by alpha-synucleinopathy that affects all levels of
the brain-gut axis including the central, autonomic, and enteric nervous systems. Recently, it …

Brain and viscera interplay within the autonomic nervous system where the vagus nerve (VN),
containing approximately 80% afferent and 20% efferent fibres, plays multiple key roles in …

… Injection of α-helical CRF 9–41 , d-Phe 12 CRF 12–41 , astressin, or astressin-B into the CSF
or … The CRF 2 antagonist astressin 2 -B injected into the CSF abolished the delayed gastric …