We describe a model of asthma self-management based on environmental control of behavior. The model emphasizes aspects of the environment that either prompt or strengthen asthma self-management behavior. In prompting behavior, environmental events function as behavioral cues; in strengthening behavior, they represent reinforcers. We describe concepts related to cueing and reinforcement, and how these operations might be incorporated in individualized self-management programs. Finally, we discuss evidence supporting asthma self-management programs based on environmental control behavior.