Anterior mandibular positioners (AMPs) have become increasingly popular as alternatives to continuous positive airway pressure for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea. However, widespread acceptance of AMP is limited by an efficacy rate of 50-80% and an inability to predict which patients will respond to therapy. We evaluated 23 patients with obstructive sleep apnea (respiratory disturbance index [RDI] >/= 15 h(-1)) with a remotely controlled mandibular positioner (RCMP), a temporary oral appliance that can advance or retract the mandible in a process analogous to changing the mask pressure during a continuous positive airway pressure titration study. We hypothesized that the elimination of respiratory events and significant nocturnal oxygen desaturation during an RCMP overnight study would predict AMP efficacy, as defined by an absolute reduction in RDI to less than 15 h(-1), a relative reduction in RDI of more than 30% from baseline, and a subjective improvement in symptoms. AMP compliance was 82%, and therapeutic efficacy was 53%. Among compliant patients, the positive and negative predictive value of an RCMP study in predicting AMP treatment success was 90% and 89%, respectively. An overnight RCMP study is highly predictive of AMP response.