Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Severe bronchiectasis

  • Published:
Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Bronchiectasis is primarily the result of airway injury and remodeling attributable to recurrent or chronic inflammation and infection. The underlying etiologies include autoimmune diseases, severe infections, genetic abnormalities, and acquired disorders. Recurrent airway inflammation and infection may also be the result of allergic or immunodeficiency states such as allergic bronchopulmonary mycoses or HIV/AIDS. Bronchiectasis should be included in the differentiation diagnosis of any patient with chronic respiratory complaints such as cough and sputum production. Early clinical manifestations may be subtle. Hallmarks of severe bron-chiectasis include fetid breath, chronic cough, and sputum production. The associated chronic respiratory infections and airway sepsis are punctuated by episodes of acute exacerbation. Prompt recognition and treatment of bronchiectasis may allow for prevention of disease progression and irreversible loss of lung function.

This review of severe non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis describes the current pathophysiology, clinical presentations, and management of bronchiectasis. We review how impaired airway clearance and the inability to resolve infection and inflammation creates a vicious cycle of recurrent injury. The common clinical features of bronchiectasis and findings are presented and illustrated by radiographic images. The common species and significance of various organisms often recovered from the distal airways including: tuberculous and environmental mycobacteria, aspergillus, and bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa will be covered. Management strategies including sputum surveillance, sputum clearance, antimicrobial therapy including antifungal and antimyobacterial agents as well as the evidence for the use of inhalational and anti-inflammatory therapies such as corticosteroids are also discussed. Recommendations for the work-up and therapy of complications including hemoptysis and respiratory failure are presented.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Article 15 November 2018

James D. Chalmers, Anne B. Chang, … Pamela J. McShane

References

  1. Kolbe, J. and Wells, A.U. (1996), Respirology 1(4), 221–225.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Keistinen, T., Saynajakangas, O., Tuuponen, T., and Kivela, S.L. (1997), Eur Respir J 10(12), 2784–2787.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Collins, J.G. (1995), Vital Health Stat 10(155), 11–12.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Pasteur, M.C., Helliwell, S.M., Houghton, S.J., et al. (2000), Am J Respir Crit Care Med 162 (4 Pt 1), 1277–1284.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Scala, R., Aronne, D., Palumbo, U., et al. (2000), Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 55(2), 101–105.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Karakoc, G.B., Yilmaz, M., Altintas, D.U., and Kendirli, S.G. (2001), Pediatr Pulmonol 32(2), 175–178.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Sayanjakangas, O., Keistinen, T., Tuuponen, T., and Kivela, S.L. (1998), Cent Eur J Public Health 6(3), 235–237.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Swinson, D.R., Symmons, D., Suresh, U., et al. (1997), Br J Rheumatol 36(6), 689–691.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Meeks, M. and Bush, A. (2000), Pediatr Pulmonol 29(4), 307–316.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Cowan, M.J., Gladwin, M.T., and Shelhamer, J.H. (2001), Am J Med Sci 321(1), 3–10.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Cole, P. (2001), Minerva Anestesiol 67(4), 206–209.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Bush, A., Cole, P., Hariri, M., et al. (1998), Eur Respir J 12(4), 982–988.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Smallman, L.A. (1989), Clin Otolaryngol 14(3), 271–278.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Bouros, D., Pare, P., Panagou, P., et al. (1995), Chest 108(3), 670–676.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Tsolakis, C.C., Kollias, V.D., and Panayotopoulos, P.P. (1997), Scand Cardiovasc J 31(4), 229–232.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Dunne, M.G., and Reiner, B. (1988), J Comput Assist Tomogr 12(3), 388–391.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Woodring, J.H., Howard, R.S., 2nd., and Rehm, S.R. (1991), J Thorac Imaging 6(2), 1–10.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Lee, P., Bush, A., and Warner, J.O. (1991), Thorax 46(6), 459–461.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Tomii, K., Iwata, T., Oida, K., et al. (1989), Nihon Kyobu, Shikkan Gakkai Zasshi 27(4), 518–522.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Osler, W. (1892), Principles and Practice of Medicine, A. Appleton & Co., New York.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Rathore, V.B., Johnson, B., Fink, J.N., et al. (2001), Clin Immunol 100(2), 228–235.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Aron, Y., Bienvenu, T., Hubert, D., et al. (1999), J Allergy Clin Immunol 104(4 Pt 1), 891–892.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Marchand, E., Verellen-Dumoulin, C., Mairesse, M., et al. (2001), Chest 119(3), 762–767.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Miller, P.W., Hamosh, A., Macek, M., Jr., et al. (1996), Am J Hum Genet 59(1), 45–51.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Despaux, J., Toussirot, E., and Wendling D. (1997), Rev Med Interne 18(2), 144–152.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. US Food and Drug Administration, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD (www.fda/gov/medwatch/index.htm).

  27. Martinez Garcia, M.D., de Roias, M.D., Nauffal Manzur, M.D., et al. (2001), Respir Med 95(3), 191–195.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Sweinberg, S.K., Wodell, R.A., Grodofsky, M.P., et al. (1991), J Allergy Clin Immunol 88(1), 96–104.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Lischner, H.W. and Huang, N.N. (1997), Pediatr Ann 6(8), 514–525.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Huang, L. and Stansell, J.D. (1996), Med Clin North Am 80(4), 775–801.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Verghese, A., al-Samman, M., Nohban, D., et al. (1994), Arch Intern Med 154(18), 2086–2091.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Svartengren, M., Mossberg, B., Philipson, K., and Camner, P. (1986), Eur J Respir Dis Suppl 146, 303–310.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Currie, D.C., Pavia, D., Angew, J.E., et al. (1987), Thorax 42(2), 126–130.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Angrill, J., Agusti, C., De Celis, R., et al. (2001), Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164(9), 1628–1632.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Schaaf, B., Weighorst, A., Aries, S.P., et al. (2000), Respiration 67(1), 52–59.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Zheng, L., Shum, H., Tipoe, G.L., et al. (2001), Respir Med 95(10), 792–798.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Stockley, R.A., Bayley, D., Hill, S.L., et al. (2001), Thorax 56(5), 366–372.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Wilson, C.B., Jones, P.W., O'Leary, C.J., et al. (1998), Eur Respir J 11(4), 820–824.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Wark, P.A. and Gibson, P.G. (2001), Respirology 6(1), 1–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Yamazaki, Y., Kubo, K., Sekiguchi, M., and Honda, T. (1998), Eur Respir J 11(6), 1227–1231.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Doring, G. (1994), Am J Respir Crit Care Med 150(6 Pt 2), S114-S117.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Zheng, L., Tipoe, G., Lam, W.K., et al. (2000), Eur Respir J 16(1), 146–149.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Cole, P.J. (1986), Eur J Respir Dis Suppl 147, 6–15.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Vandivier, R.W., Fadok, V.A., Ogden, C.A., et al. (2002), Chest 121(3 Suppl), 89S.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Tsao, P.C. and Lin, C.Y. (2002), Acta Paediatr Taiwan 43(5), 271–275.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Shah, A. and Panjabi, C. (2002), J. Asthma 39(4), 273–289.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Greenberger, P.A. (2002), J. Allergy Clin Immunol 110(5), 685–692.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Kumar, R. and Chopra, D. (2002), J Asthma 39(6), 473–477.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. McGuinness, G. and Naidich, D.P. (2002), Radiol Clin North Am 40(1), 1–19.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. van der Bruggen-Bogaarts, B.A., van der Bruggen, H.M., van Waes, P.F., and Lammers, J.W. (1996), Chest 109(3), 608–611.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Munro, N.C., Cooke, J.C., Currie, D.C., et al. (1990), Thorax 45(2), 135–139.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Collins, J., Blankenbaker, D., and Stern, E.J. (1998), AJR Am J Roentgenol 171(2), 365–370.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Reiff, D.B., Wells, A.U., Carr, D.H., et al. (1995), AJR Am J Roent genol 165(2), 261–267.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Lee, P.H., Carr, D.H., Rubens, M.B., et al. (1995), Clin Radiol 50(12), 839–841.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Sheehan, R.E., Wells, A.U., Copley, S.J., et al. (2002), Eur Respir J 20(3), 581–587.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Munro, N.C., Han, L.Y., Currie, D.C., et al. (1992), Respir Med 86(5), 397–401.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Grenier, P.A., Beigelman-Aubry, C., Fetita, C., et al. (2002), Eur Radiol 12(5), 1022–1044.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Chan, C.H., Ho, A.K., Chan, R.C., et al. (1992), Postgrad Med J 68(805), 896–899.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Ikedo, Y. (2001), Kurume Med J 48(1), 15–19.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Wallace, Jr., R.J., Zhang, Y., Brown-Elliott, B.A., et al. (2002), J Infect Dis 186(2), 266–273.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Dye, C., Scheele, S., Dolin, P., et al. (1999), JAMA 282(7), 677–686.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Angrill, J., Agusti, C., de Celis, R., et al. (2002), Thorax 57(1), 15–19.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Nicotra, M.B., Rivera, M., Dale, A.M., et al. (1995), Chest 108(4), 955–961.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Shah, P.L., Mawdsley, S., Nash, K., et al. (1999), Eur Respir J 14(6), 1340–1344.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Ho, P.L., Chan, K.N., Ip, M.S., et al. (1998), Chest 114(6), 1594–1598.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Wilson, C.B., Jones, P.W., O'Leary, C.J., et al. (1997), Eur Respir J 10(8), 1754–1760.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Hill, S.L., Burnett, D., Hewetson, K.A., and Stockley, R.A. (1998), Q J Med 66(250), 163–173.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Wilson, C.B., Jones, P.W., O'Leary, C.J., et al. (1997), Am J Respir Crit Care Med 156(2 Pt 1), 536–541.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Huang, J.H., Kao, P.N., Adi, V., and Ruoss, S.J. (1999), Chest 115(4), 1033–1040.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Martin, R.S., Sumarah, R.K., and Robart, E.M. (1978), J Clin Microbiol 8(6), 635–637.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Currie, D.C., Garbett, N.D., Chan, K.L., et al. (1990), Q J Med 76(280), 799–816.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Stockley, R.A., Hill, S.L., and Morrison, H.M. (1984), Thorax 39(6), 414–419.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Stockley, R.A., Hill, S.L., and Burnett, D. (1985), Clin Ther 7(5), 593–599.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Rayner, C.F., Tillotson, G., Cole, P.J., and Wilson, R. (1994), J Antimicrob Chemother 34(1), 149–156.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Tsang, K.W., Chan, W.M., Ho, P.L., et al. (1999), Eur Respir J 14(5), 1206–1209.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Ip, M., Shum, D., Lauder, I., Lam, W.K., and So, S.Y. (1993), Respir Med 87(6), 449–454.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Cole, P.J. (2001), J Chemother 13(4), 354–362.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Orriols, R., Roig, J., Ferrer, J., et al. (1999), Respir Med 93(7), 476–480.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. el-Din, M.A., Palmer, L.B., el-Tayeb, M.N., et al. (1994), J Aerosol Med 7(4), 345–350.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Barker, A.F., Couch, L., Fiel, S.B., et al. (2000), Am J Respir Crit Care Med 162(2 Pt 1), 481–485.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Couch, L.A. (2001), Chest 120(3 Suppl) 114S-117S.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Salez, F., Brichet, A., Desurmont, S., et al. (1999), Chest 116(6), 1665–1668.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Stevens, D.A., Schwartz, H.J., Lee, J.Y., et al. (2000), N Engl J Med 342(11), 756–762.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Fujimori, Y., Tada, S., Kataoka, M., et al. (1998), Nihon Kokyuki Gakkai Zasshi 36(9), 781–786.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Reich, J.M. (1992), Chest 102(2), 652–653.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Iseman, M.D., Buschman, D.L., and Ackerson, L.M. (1991), Am Rev Respir Dis 144(4), 914–916.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Medical Section of the American Lung Association. (1997), Am J Respir Crit Care Med 156(2 Pt 2), S1-S25.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Olivier, K.N. (1998), Curr Opin Pulm Med 4(3), 148–153.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Griffith, D.E., Brown, B.A., Cegielski, P., et al. (2000), Clin Infect Dis 30(2), 288–292.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Lasserson, T., Holt, K., and Geenstone, M. (2001), Cochrane Database Syst Rev (4), CD002162.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Llewellyn-Jones, C.G., Johnson, M.M., Mitchell, J.L., et al. (1995), Eur Respir J 8(9), 1479–1487.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Tamaoki, J., Chiyotani, A., Kobayashi, K., et al. (1992), Am Rev Respir Dis 145(3), 548–552.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Elborn, J.S., Johnston, B., Allen, F., et al. (1992), Respir Med 86(2), 121–124.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Tsang, K.W., Ho, P.L., Lam, W.K., et al. (1998), Am J Respir Crit Care Med 158(3), 723–727.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Imbeault, B. and Cormier, Y. (1993), Chest 103(5), 1614–1617.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Seaton, A., Seaton, R.A., and Wightman, A.J. (1994), QJM 87(9), 529–537.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Kudoh, S., Azuma, A., Yamamoto, M., et al. (1998), Am J Respir Crit Care Med-157(6 Pt 1), 1829–1832.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Fitzgerald, J.E., King, T.E., Jr., Lynch, D.A., et al. (1996), Am J Respir Crit Care Med 154(2 Pt 1), 497–503.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Tsang, K.W., Ho, P.I., Chan, K.N., et al. (1999), Eur Respir J 13(2), 361–364.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Garey, K.W., Alwani, A., Danziger, L.H., and Rubinstein, I. (2003), Chest 123(1), 261–265.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Ichikawa, Y., Hotta, M., Sumita, S., et al. (1995), Chest 107(1), 120–125.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Equi, A., Balfour-Lynn, I.M., Bush, A., and Rosenthal, M. (2002), Lancet 360(9338), 978–984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Wolter, J., Seeney, S., Bell, S., et al. (2002), Thorax 57(3) 212–216.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Hardy, K.A. and Anderson, B.D. (1996), Respir Care Clin N Am 2(2), 323–345.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Langenderfer, B. (1998), J Cardiopulm Rehabil 18(4), 283–289.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Thompson, C.S., Harrison, S., Ashley, J., et al., (2002), Thorax 57(5), 446–448.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Daviskas, E., Robinson, M., Anderson, S.D., and Bye, P.T. (2002), J Aerosol Med 15(3), 331–341.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. O'Donnell, A.E., Barker, A.F., Ilowite, J.S., and Fick, R.B. (1998), Chest 113(5), 1329–1334.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Swanson, K.L., Johnson, C.M., Prakash, U.B., et al. (2002), Chest 121(3), 789–795.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Hsiao, E.I., Kirsch, C.M., Kagawa, F.T., et al. (2001), AJR Am J Roentgenol 177(4), 861–867.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Cremaschi, P., Nascimbene, C., Vitulo, P., et al. (1993), Angiology 44(4), 295–299.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Kutlay, H., Cangir, A.K., Enon, S., et al. (2002), Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 21(4), 634–637.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Jean-Baptiste, E. (2000), Crit Care Med 28(5), 1642–1647.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Itabashi, S., Kano, M., Endo, K., and Sasaki, H. (1999), Tohoku J Exp Med 187(2), 183–188.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Gacouin, A., Desrues, B., Lena, H., et al. (1996), Eur Respir J 9(6), 1246–1250.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Wedzicha, J.A. and Muir, J.F. (2002), Eur Respir J 20(3), 777–784.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Fujimoto, T., Hillejan, L., and Stamatis, G. (2001), Ann Thorac Surg 72(5), 1711–1715.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Sethi, G.R. and Batra, V. (2000), Indian J Pediatr 67(2), 133–139.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Agasthian, T., Deschamps, C., Trastek, V. F., et al. (1996), Ann Thorac Surg 62(4), 976–978; discussion 979–980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Charman, S.C., Sharples, L.D., McNeil, K.D., and Wallwork, J. (2002), J Heart Lung Transplant 21(2) 226–232.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Brauner, M.W., Grenier, P., Mompoint, D., et al., (1989), Radiology 172(2), 467–471.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Mitchell, T.A., Hamilos, D.L., Lynch, D.A., and Newell, J.D. (2000), J Asthma 37(1), 65–72.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Koyama, M., Johkoh, T., Honda, O., et al. (2001), J Thorac Imaging 16(4), 290–296.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Nuhoglu, Y., Bahceciler, N., Yuksel, M. et al. (1999), Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 82(3), 311–314.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. King, M.A., Stone, J.A., Diaz, P.T., et al. (1996), Radiology 199(1), 137–141.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Schwartz, H.J., and Greenberger, P.A. (1991), J Lab Clin Med 117(2), 138–142.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Jeena, P.M., Coovadia, H.M., Thula, S.A., et al. (1998), Aids 12(10), 1185–1193.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Monteverde, A., Gonzalez, A., Fernandez, A., et al. (1999), Medicina (B Aires) 59(1), 67–70.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Allain, J., Saraux, A., Guedes, C., et al. (1997), Rev Rhum Engl Ed. 64(10), 531–537.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Kauczor, H.U., Hoffmann, A., Mehdikhani, H. et al. (1995), Rofo Fortschr Geb Rontgenstr Neuen Bildgeb Verfahr 163(5), 378–382.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. O'Brien, C., Guest, P.J., Hill, S.L., and Stockley, R.A. (2000), Thorax 55(8), 635–642.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Spira, A., Grossman, R., and Balter, M. (1998), Chest 113(6), 1723–1726.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Mahadeva, R., Walsh, G., Flower, C.D., and Shneerson, J.M. (2000), Eur Respir J 15(1), 41–48.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Garg, K., Lynch, D.A., and Newell, J.D. (1993), J Thorac Imaging 8(2), 159–163.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Hollings, N.P., Wells, A.U., Wilson, R., and Hansell, D.M. (2002), Eur Radiol 12(9), 2211–2217.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Palombini, B.C., Villanova, C.A., Araujo, E., et al. (1999), Chest 116(2), 279–284.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Smyrnios, N.A., Irwin, R.S., and Curley, F.J. (1995), Chest 108(4), 991–997.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA

    Brian M. Morrissey & Samuel J. Evans

Authors
  1. Brian M. Morrissey
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Samuel J. Evans
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Brian M. Morrissey.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Morrissey, B.M., Evans, S.J. Severe bronchiectasis. Clinic Rev Allerg Immunol 25, 233–247 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1385/CRIAI:25:3:233

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/CRIAI:25:3:233

Index Entries

Search

Navigation