ArticlesLong-term cardiovascular outcomes in men with obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnoea with or without treatment with continuous positive airway pressure: an observational study
Introduction
Obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnoea affects 4% of middle-aged men and 2% of middle-aged women.1, 2 This disorder is widely accepted to be associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality, mostly due to cardiovascular disease and traffic accidents.3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 However, the epidemiological studies that provided evidence for this association3, 4, 5 had important methodological limitations. These studies were either retrospective3, 4 or did not take into account the role of potential confounding factors, such as the presence of comorbidity.3, 4, 5 In fact, after adjustment for age and obesity, studies have not been able to show such increased risk.6, 7, 11 Whether there is a link between the severity of obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnoea and cardiovascular risk; whether simple snoring (ie, snoring without the presence of obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnoea) increases this risk; and whether effective treatment of the disorder with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) can modify or eventually normalise this risk is unclear. These questions have important social and economic implications for public health.12, 13 We did an observational study to address these issues, since a randomised controlled trial, although ideal, would be unethical because the available evidence on the effectiveness of CPAP on symptom control precludes the possibility of withholding treatment for the time needed for the study.14, 15, 16, 17, 18
Since 1992, we have followed up a cohort of patients with obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnoea and have recorded carefully the incidence of new fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events. Although all patients with severe obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnoea were initially offered treatment with CPAP, a substantial proportion refused it; because these individuals were nonetheless followed up in the clinic regularly, they provide information on the natural history of untreated, severe obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnoea.
Section snippets
Patients
We recruited men with obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnoea or simple snorers from those referred to our sleep unit between Jan 1, 1992, and Dec 31, 1994. During this inclusion period, in keeping with the guidelines of the Spanish Society of Pneumology and Thoracic Surgery,19 nasal CPAP was recommended to all patients who had more than 30 episodes of apnoea or hypopnoea per hour of sleep (ie, apnoea-hypopnoea index [AHI] >30).19 CPAP was also recommended if the AHI was between 5 and 30 and the
Results
We enrolled 277 age-matched and BMI-matched healthy men, 389 men with simple snoring, 409 patients with mild-moderate obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnoea, and 667 patients with severe disease (or mild-moderate disease plus severe daytime sleepiness [n=38]). CPAP was declined by 241 patients, and 52 patients (43 with AHI >30, and nine with AHI 5–30) were judged non-compliant with CPAP treatment and were excluded from the final analysis (figure 1). However, mean age, BMI, and AHI for this subgroup
Discussion
We have shown that incidence of fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events in untreated patients with severe obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnoea is significantly higher than in healthy participants recruited from the general population matched individually for age and BMI. Furthermore, there seems to be a dose-effect relation for this association. Treatment with CPAP significantly reduces cardiovascular risk in patients with severe obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnoea. Simple snoring does not
References (51)
- et al.
Mortality and apnea index in obstructive sleep apnea: experience in 358 male patients
Chest
(1988) - et al.
Do patients with sleep apnea die in their sleep?
Chest
(1988) - et al.
Long-term outcome for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome patients: mortality
Chest
(1988) - et al.
Sham continuous positive airway pressure for placebo controlled studies in sleep apnoea
Lancet
(1999) - et al.
Tratamiento del sindrome de las apneas-hipopneas durante el sueño
Arch Bronconeumol
(1998) - et al.
Snoring and cerebral infarction
Lancet
(1985) - et al.
Snoring an risk of cardiovascular disease in women
J Am Coll Cardiol
(2000) - et al.
Risk of ischemic heart disease in self-reported snorers
Chest
(1995) - et al.
Comparison of therapeutic and subtherapeutic nasal continuous positive airway pressure for obstructive sleep apnoea: a randomised prospective parallel trial
Lancet
(1999) - et al.
Indications for positive airway pressure treatment for adults obstructive sleep apnea patients: a consensus statement
Chest
(1999)
The occurrence of sleep-disordered breathing among middle-age adults
N Engl J Med
Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea and related clinical features in a population-based sample of subjects aged 30 to 70 yr
Am J Respir Crit Care Med
Mortality in sleep apnea patients: a multivariate analysis of risk factors
Sleep
Morbidity, mortality and sleep-disordered breathing in community dwelling elderly
Sleep
Association of sleep-disordered breathing, sleep apnea, and hypertension in a large community-based study: The Sleep Heart Health Study
JAMA
Sleep-disordered breathing and cardiovascular disease: cross-sectional results of the Sleep Heart Health Study
Am J Respir Crit Care Med
Automobile accidents in patients with sleep apnea syndrome
Am J Respir Crit Care Med
A community study of snoring and sleep-disordered breathing: health outcomes
Am J Respir Crit Care Med
Sleep apnoea and its impact on public health
Thorax
Epidemiology of obstructive sleep apnoea: a population health perspective
Am J Respir Crit Care Med
Evidence of the effectiveness of continuous positive airway pressure in the treatment of sleep apnoea/hypopnea syndrome
Am J Respir Crit Care Med
Addressing the ethical problems of randomized and placebo-controlled trials of CPAP
Am J Respir Crit Care Med
A comparison of observational studies and randomized, controlled trials
N Engl J Med
Randomized, controlled trials, observational studies, and hierarchy of research designs
N Engl J Med
Prevalence of sleep apnoea syndrome in the Spanish adult population
Int J Epidemiol
Cited by (3891)
Primary open angle glaucoma and sleep apnea syndrome: A review of the literature
2024, Journal Francais d'OphtalmologieReview and perspective on sleep-disordered breathing research and translation to clinics
2024, Sleep Medicine ReviewsRecommended assessment and management of sleep disordered breathing in patients with atrial fibrillation, hypertension and heart failure: Taiwan Society of Cardiology/Taiwan Society of sleep Medicine/Taiwan Society of pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine joint consensus statement
2024, Journal of the Formosan Medical Association