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Origin of the 2009 Mexico influenza virus: a comparative phylogenetic analysis of the principal external antigens and matrix protein

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Abstract

Triple-reassortant swine influenza A (H1) viruses, containing genes from avian, human, and swine influenza viruses, emerged and became an outbreak among humans worldwide. Over a 1,000 cases were identified within the first month, chiefly in Mexico and the United States. Here, the phylogenetic analysis of haemagglutin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), and matrix protein (MP) was carried out. The analysis showed that the H1 of this reassortant originated from American pigs, while NA and MP were more likely from European pigs. All of the 2009 isolates appear homogeneous and cluster together, although they are distinct from classical human A (H1N1) viruses.

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Acknowledgment

We are thankful for Francesco Greco, Amalia Mastrofrancesco and Valeria Cento for their excellent technical assistance.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Molecular Virology, University Hospital Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford, 81-00133, Rome, Italy

    Muhammed Babakir-Mina, Carlo Federico Perno & Marco Ciotti

  2. Virology, Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemistry, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy

    Salvatore Dimonte & Carlo Federico Perno

Authors
  1. Muhammed Babakir-Mina
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  2. Salvatore Dimonte
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  3. Carlo Federico Perno
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  4. Marco Ciotti
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Marco Ciotti.

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Table S1 (DOC 308 kb)

705_2009_438_MOESM2_ESM.tif

Figure S1. Phlylogenetic analysis of the matrix protein (MP) gene (982 nt) of the H1N1 influenza A viruses was carried out using HKY+ I + C (alpha-parameter = 0.0763) as the best evolutionary model. Branch lengths were estimated with the best-fitting nucleotide substitution model according to a hierarchical likelihood ratio test [7] and were drawn to scale, with the bar at the bottom indicating 0.03 nucleotide substitutions per site. One * along a branch represents significant statistical support for the clade subtending that branch (P<0.001 in the zero-branch-length test) and bootstrap support >95%. The tree was unrooted. Three main clades are indicated (I, II, and III). All H1N1 viruses isolated from 2000 to 2008 are presented as a gray triangle, and all novel 2009 H1N1 viruses as a white triangle. (TIFF 60 kb)

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Babakir-Mina, M., Dimonte, S., Perno, C.F. et al. Origin of the 2009 Mexico influenza virus: a comparative phylogenetic analysis of the principal external antigens and matrix protein. Arch Virol 154, 1349–1352 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-009-0438-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-009-0438-1

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