Participants | 1050 (23.1) | 1028 (22.6) | 1325 (29.2) | 1140 (25.1) | |
EPA plus DHA intake mg·day−1 | 5.46±4.49 | 21.6±2.46 | 42.4±11.4 | 129±77.8 | |
Male | 540 (51.4) | 543 (52.8) | 590 (44.5) | 560 (49.1) | <0.001 |
Total energy intake kJ·day−1 | 7084±1653 | 7486±1649 | 7696±1660 | 7952±1772 | <0.001 |
BMI kg·m−2 | 16.1±1.9 | 16.2±1.9 | 16.1±1.9 | 16.1±2.0 | 0.74 |
BMI at 13.5 years kg·m−2 | 20.2±3.30 | 20.4±3.42 | 20.1±3.20 | 20.0±3.12 | 0.11 |
Health-conscious dietary pattern score | −0.14±1.08 | −0.28±0.80 | −0.01±0.84 | 0.43±0.97 | <0.001 |
Any supplement use | 360 (34.3) | 329 (32.0) | 425 (32.1) | 431 (37.8) | 0.01 |
Season of dietary information collection | | | | | 0.52 |
Winter | 286 (27.2) | 283 (27.5) | 326 (24.6) | 285 (25.0) | |
Spring | 323 (30.8) | 306 (29.8) | 389 (29.4) | 338 (29.6) | |
Summer | 271 (25.8) | 275 (26.8) | 381 (28.8) | 340 (29.8) | |
Autumn | 160 (15.2) | 158 (15.4) | 212 (16.0) | 166 (14.6) | |
Missing | 10 (1.0) | 6 (0.6) | 17 (1.3) | 11 (1.0) | |
Breastfeeding at 3 months | | | | | <0.001 |
Never | 177 (16.9) | 196 (19.1) | 189 (14.3) | 114 (10.0) | |
Stopped/non-exclusive | 466 (44.4) | 486 (47.3) | 630 (47.5) | 522 (45.8) | |
Exclusive | 359 (34.2) | 313 (30.4) | 451 (34.0) | 453 (39.7) | |
Missing | 48 (4.6) | 33 (3.2) | 55 (4.2) | 51 (4.5) | |
Age at fish introduction | | | | | <0.001 |
≥9 months | 316 (30.1) | 207 (20.1) | 264 (19.9) | 168 (14.7) | |
6– <9 months | 276 (26.3) | 288 (28.0) | 372 (28.1) | 280 (24.6) | |
<6 months | 450 (42.9) | 529 (51.5) | 687 (51.8) | 686 (60.2) | |
Missing | 8 (0.8) | | | 6 (0.5) | |
History of food allergy | 177 (16.9) | 148 (14.4) | 196 (14.8) | 224 (19.6) | 0.002 |
Childcare by day nursery at 15 months | | | | | 0.048 |
No | 950 (90.5) | 937 (91.1) | 1172 (88.5) | 1018 (89.3) | |
Yes | 65 (6.2) | 60 (5.8) | 119 (9.0) | 92 (8.1) | |
Missing | 35 (3.3) | 31 (3.0) | 34 (2.6) | 30 (2.6) | |
Older siblings | 585 (55.7) | 527 (51.3) | 658 (49.7) | 583 (51.1) | 0.03 |
Younger siblings | 487 (46.4) | 533 (51.8) | 735 (55.5) | 581 (51.0) | <0.001 |
FADS genotype (rs1535) | | | | | 0.38 |
AA | 356 (42.9) | 351 (43.1) | 472 (43.8) | 429 (47.1) | |
GA | 385 (46.4) | 383 (47.0) | 482 (44.7) | 382 (41.9) | |
GG | 88 (10.6) | 81 (9.9) | 124 (11.5) | 100 (11.0) | |
Maternal factors | | | | | |
Age years | 29.5±4.5 | 29.3±4.5 | 29.2±4.3 | 29.9±4.3 | <0.001 |
Education | | | | | <0.001 |
Secondary or vocational | 217 (20.7) | 217 (21.1) | 233 (17.6) | 156 (13.7) | |
O-level | 342 (32.6) | 392 (38.1) | 490 (37.0) | 337 (29.6) | |
A-level or degree | 482 (45.9) | 404 (39.3) | 591 (44.6) | 629 (55.2) | |
Missing | 9 (0.9) | 15 (1.5) | 11 (0.8) | 18 (1.6) | |
Housing tenure during pregnancy | | | | | 0.049 |
Mortgaged/owned | 879 (83.7) | 863 (83.9) | 1138 (85.9) | 979 (85.9) | |
Council rented | 61 (5.8) | 73 (7.1) | 57 (4.3) | 48 (4.2) | |
Non-council rented | 67 (6.4) | 50 (4.9) | 68 (5.1) | 70 (6.1) | |
Missing | 43 (4.1) | 42 (4.1) | 62 (4.7) | 43 (3.8) | |
Financial difficulty | | | | | 0.07 |
No | 891 (84.9) | 898 (87.4) | 1113 (84.0) | 971 (85.2) | |
Yes | 153 (14.6) | 125 (12.2) | 211 (15.9) | 163 (14.3) | |
Missing | 6 (0.6) | 5 (0.5) | | 6 (0.5) | |
Ethnicity | | | | | 0.004 |
White | 1028 (97.9) | 1000 (97.3) | 1302 (98.3) | 1093 (95.9) | |
Non-White | 13 (1.2) | 10 (1.0) | 10 (0.8) | 26 (2.3) | |
Missing | 9 (0.9) | 18 (1.8) | 13 (1.0) | 21 (1.8) | |
History of atopy | | | | | 0.45 |
No | 529 (50.4) | 551 (53.6) | 718 (54.2) | 595 (52.2) | |
Yes | 485 (46.2) | 444 (43.2) | 563 (42.5) | 497 (43.6) | |
Missing | 36 (3.4) | 33 (3.2) | 44 (3.3) | 48 (4.2) | |
Smoking when child 7 years old | | | | | 0.50 |
No | 864 (82.3) | 821 (79.9) | 1085 (81.9) | 929 (81.5) | |
Yes | 162 (15.4) | 168 (16.3) | 205 (15.5) | 179 (15.7) | |
Missing | 24 (2.3) | 39 (3.8) | 35 (2.6) | 32 (2.8) | |
EPA plus DHA intake from fish at 32 weeks of gestation mg·day−1 | 91.4±101 | 107±105 | 136±116 | 174±132 | <0.001 |