Subjects | 299 537 | 278 228 | 203 082 | |
Sex | | | | |
Male | 47.1 (140 977) | 47.2 (131 257) | 43.4 (88 187) | <0.001 |
Female | 52.9 (158 560) | 52.8 (146 971) | 56.6 (114 895) |
Age years | 56±8.05 | 56±8.05 | 57.3±8.1 | <0.001 |
Age | | | | |
<65 years | 83.2 (249 067) | 83.1 (231 221) | 77.6 (157 526) | <0.001 |
≥65 years | 16.8 (50 470) | 16.9 (47 007) | 22.4 (45 556) |
BMI kg·m−2 | 27.4±4.68 | 27.4±4.69 | 27.6±4.97 | <0.001 |
Missing data | | | 3105 |
BMI | | | | |
Normal (<25 kg·m−2) | 33.3 (99 832) | 33.3 (92 673) | 32.7 (65 350) | <0.001 |
Overweight (25–29.9 kg·m−2) | 43.2 (129 271) | 43.1 (120 024) | 41.4 (82 872) |
Obese (≥30 kg·m−2) | 23.5 (70 434) | 23.6 (65 531) | 25.9 (51 755) |
Missing data | | | 3105 |
Education level | | | | |
A-level, O-level or CSEs | 51.3 (153 657) | 51.9 (144 504) | 61.7 (119 076) | <0.001 |
College, university, NVQ or other professional qualifications | 48.7 (145 880) | 48.1 (133 724) | 38.3 (73 864) |
Missing data | | | 10 142 |
Household income | | | | |
<GPB 31 000 | 44.2 (132 527) | 44.6 (124 097) | 57.9 (72 891) | <0.001 |
≥GBP 31 000 | 55.8 (167 010) | 55.4 (154 131) | 42.1 (52 993) |
Missing data | | | 77 198 |
Smoking status | | | | |
Never-smoker | 59.0 (176 817) | 58.8 (163 686) | 48.4 (96 773) | <0.001 |
Former smoker | 38.1 (114 249) | 38.3 (106 658) | 29.4 (58 842) |
Current smoker | 2.8 (8 471) | 2.8 (7 884) | 22.2 (44 515) |
Missing data | | | 2952 |
Passive smoking exposure at home | | | | |
None | 94.7 (283 521) | 94.8 (263 679) | 93.6 (142 028) | <0.001 |
Any | 5.3 (16 016) | 5.2 (14 549) | 6.4 (9 781) |
Missing data | | | 51 273 |
Asthma | | | | |
Never had asthma | 89.4 (267 490) | 89.3 (248 232) | 89.3 (179 670) | 0.53 |
Ever had asthma | 10.6 (31 818) | 10.7 (29 779) | 10.7 (21 498) |
Missing data | 229 | 217 | 1914 |
Occupational status | | | | |
Non-“at-risk” occupation | 98.2 (206 506) | 98.2 (192 826) | 96.4 (112 765) | <0.001 |
“At-risk” occupation | 1.8 (3724) | 1.8 (3552) | 3.6 (4165) |
Missing data | 89 307 | 81 850 | 86 152 |
FEV1 L | 2.9±0.78 | 2.9±0.78 | 2.6±0.77 | <0.001 |
Missing data | | | 116 641 |
FVC L | 3.8±1.00 | 3.8±1.00 | 3.5±0.98 | <0.001 |
Missing data | | | 116 641 |
FEV1/FVC | 0.8±0.07 | 0.8±0.07 | 0.8±0.08 | <0.001 |
Missing data | | | 116 641 |
COPD | | | | |
No | 92.7 (276 948) | 92.6 (257 089) | 87.9 (74 762) | <0.001 |
Yes | 7.3 (21 900) | 7.4 (20 478) | 12.1 (10 267) |
Missing data | 689 | 661 | 118 053 |