Table 2– Differences in measures of subclinical atherosclerosis in the carotid, peripheral and coronary vascular beds per unit change in lung function among smokers and never-smokers

	FEV₁		FVC		FEV₁/FVC
	Difference per 1-L increase (95% CI)	p-value	Difference per 1-L increase (95% CI)	p-value	Difference per 1% increase (95% CI)	p-value
Smokers^#
IMT mm
Internal carotid^¶	-0.060 (-0.115– -0.005)	0.03	-0.000 (-0.051– -0.050)	0.99	-0.006 (-0.009– -0.003)	<0.001
Common carotid^¶	-0.028 (-0.045– -0.012)	<0.001	-0.013 (-0.028–0.022)	0.09	-0.001 (-0.002– -0.000)	0.007
ABI^¶	0.012 (0.002–0.023)	0.02	0.004 (-0.005–0.014)	0.39	0.0008 (0.0002–0.0014)	0.006
Presence of CAC⁺	1.01 (0.97–1.04)	0.76	1.00 (0.97–1.03)	0.96	1.001 (0.997–1.002)	0.58
Log Agatston score^¶,§	0.099 (-0.137–0.334)	0.41	0.14 (-0.074–0.360)	0.20	-0.004 (-0.016–0.008)	0.55
Never-smokers^ƒ
IMT mm
Internal carotid^¶	-0.053 (-0.105– -0.001)	0.047	-0.008 (-0.053–0.036)	0.71	-0.004 (-0.007– -0.002)	0.002
Common carotid^¶	-0.028 (-0.044– -0.013)	<0.001	-0.014 (-0.027–0.000)	0.04	-0.001 (-0.002– -0.000)	0.01
ABI^¶	0.013 (0.003–0.023)	0.01	0.0066 (-0.002–0.015)	0.13	0.0006 (0.0000–0.0011)	0.045
Presence of CAC⁺	1.00 (0.97–1.03)	0.92	0.99 (0.97–1.02)	0.65	1.001 (0.999–1.003)	0.40
Log Agatston score^¶,§	0.020 (-0.197–0.237)	0.86	0.020 (-0.163–0.203)	0.82	-0.001 (-0.012–0.010)	0.83

Multivariate models were adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, smoking status, pack-yrs, urine cotinine, educational attainment, diabetes mellitus, fasting plasma glucose, height, body mass index, hypertension, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, low- and high-density lipoprotein, statin medication, alcohol use, and C-reactive protein. FEV₁: forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FVC: forced vital capacity; IMT: intima-media thickness; ABI: ankle-brachial index; CAC: coronary artery calcium. ^#: n=2,024; ^¶: multivariate mean difference; ⁺: multivariate prevalence ratio; ^§: among participants with detectable CAC; ^ƒ: n=1,812.