All patients | CHF | COPD | p-value | |
Subjects n | 419 | 201 | 218 | |
Age yrs | 72.4±12.1 | 75.3±15.5 | 69.8±6.9 | <0.0001 |
Males | 305 (72.8) | 139 (69.1) | 166 (76.1) | 0.10 |
Cardiovascular risk factors | ||||
Hypertension | 269 (64.2) | 156 (77.6) | 113 (51.8) | <0.0001 |
Smoking | <0.0001 | |||
Ever-smoker | 314 (74.9) | 104 (51.7) | 210 (96.3) | |
Pack-yrs | 49±16 | 33.3±11 | 60.4±26 | |
Current smoker | 69 (16.5) | 17 (8.4) | 52 (23.8) | |
Years of smoking | 35±14 | 29±14 | 39±13 | |
Hypercholesterolaemia | 182 (43.4) | 111 (55.2) | 71 (32.3) | <0.0001 |
Diabetes | 60 (14.3) | 46 (22.9) | 14 (6.4) | <0.0001 |
Coronary disease | 151 (36.0) | 115 (57.2) | 36 (16.5) | <0.0001 |
Stroke | 31 (7.4) | 21 (10.4) | 10 (4.6) | <0.0001 |
Vascular disease | 33 (7.9) | 15 (7.5) | 18 (8.3) | 0.76 |
Other comorbidities | ||||
Renal failure | 54 (12.9) | 44 (21.9) | 10 (4.6) | <0.0001 |
Malignancy | 41 (9.8) | 24 (11.9) | 17 (7.8) | 0.16 |
Previous treatment | ||||
ACE inhibitors | 203 (48.4) | 138 (68.6) | 65 (29.8) | <0.0001 |
Angiotensin receptor antagonists | 54 (12.9) | 32 (15.9) | 22 (10.1) | 0.08 |
β-blockers | 179 (42.7) | 157 (78.1) | 22 (10.1) | <0.0001 |
Digitalis | 45 (10.7) | 42 (20.9) | 3 (1.4) | <0.0001 |
Diuretics | 208 (49.6) | 160 (79.6) | 48 (22) | <0.0001 |
Statins | 145 (34.6) | 104 (57.1) | 41 (18.9) | <0.0001 |
Selective β2-agonists | 100 (45.9) | |||
Associated β2-agonists | 156 (71.5) | |||
Inhaled steroids | 59 (27.1) | |||
Systemic steroids | 9 (4.1) | |||
Anticholinerics | 78 (35.8) | |||
Methyl xanthines | 16 (7.3) | |||
Oxygen | 8 (3.7) | |||
Baseline signs and symptoms | ||||
Dyspnoea | 396 (94.5) | 186 (92.5) | 210 (96.3) | 0.09 |
Chronic cough | 203 (48.4) | 39 (19.4) | 164 (75.2) | <0.0001 |
Oedema | 154 (36.8) | 113 (56.2) | 41 (18.9) | <0.0001 |
Third sound | 16 (3.8) | 13 (6.5) | 3 (1.4) | <0.0001 |
Baseline lung function | ||||
Post-bronchodilator FEV1 L | 1.25±0.49 | |||
FEV1 % pred | 39±16 | |||
Post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC % | 51±13 | |||
Baseline echocardiogram | ||||
Ejection fraction % | 32±9 | |||
LVEDD mm | 59.7±9.6 | |||
Pulmonary systolic pressure mm | 39.8 (12) |
Data are presented as mean±sd or n (%), unless otherwise stated. CHF: chronic heart failure; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 s; % pred: % predicted; FVC: forced vital capacity; LVEDD: left ventricular end-diastolic echo dimensions.