Table 2– Odds ratios for community-acquired pneumonia associated with use of proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs)

	All patients	Cases	Controls	Crude OR (95% CI)	p-value	Adjusted OR^# (95% CI)	p-value
Subjects	2150	430	1720
Nonuser	1690 (79)	307 (71)	1383 (80)	Reference		Reference
Past user	90 (4.2)	20 (4.7)	70 (4.1)	1.3 (0.78–2.2)	0.308	1.2 (0.72–2.1)	0.46
Current user	370 (17)	103 (24)	267 (16)	1.8 (1.4–2.4)	<0.01	1.6 (1.2–2.2)	<0.01
Start of PPI treatment^¶
Recent⁺	28 (7.6)	12 (12)	16 (6.0)	3.4 (1.6–7.3)	<0.01	3.1 (1.4–7.1)	<0.01
0–15 days	16 (4.3)	7 (6.8)	9 (3.4)	3.5 (1.3–9.6)	0.012	3.1 (1.1–8.8)	0.04
16–29 days	12 (3.2)	5 (4.9)	7 (2.6)	3.3 (1.1–10.4)	0.044	3.3 (0.91–11.6)	0.07
Chronic^§	342 (92)	91 (88)	251 (94)	1.7 (1.3–2.3)	<0.01	1.5 (1.1–2.1)	<0.01
DDDs^ƒ
<1.5	292 (79)	80 (78)	212 (79)	1.8 (1.3–2.4)	<0.01	1.6 (1.2–2.2)	<0.01
≥1.5	78 (21)	23 (22)	55 (3.2)	2.0 (1.2–3.3)	0.01	1.7 (1.0–3.0)	0.05

Data are presented as n or n (%), unless otherwise stated. DDD: daily defined dose. ^#: adjusted for use of inhalation corticosteroids, anticholinergics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and oral corticosteroids; ^¶: days from first prescription until index date; ⁺: <30 days; ^§: ≥30 days; ^ƒ: analysis within current users.