| NCD | Case-detection strategies | Case-management implications | NCD reduction | Research priorities |
| DM | DM patients are regularly seen at health care facilities where they can be screened for TB upon diagnosis and periodically while the DM is being managed. | TB drug hepatotoxicity might increase DM is somewhat associated with delay in sputum culture conversion at 2–3 months May increase death during TB treatment May increase risk of MDR-TB | Better control and management of DM Exercises and diet | The best screening methods have not been identified. The optimal time to screen for DM needs to be specified and the definitions should be standardised. Impact of interventions on TB outcomes |
| Smoking and COPD | Hard to systematically screen smokers but may seek care more often and it can heighten awareness for TB screening COPD patients may be periodically screened as they meet TB definition and COPD is a independent risk factor | Linked to severity of TB at the time of diagnosis, risk of relapse and higher risk of death from TB than nonsmokers Unclear if COPD is a risk factor for TB, independently from smoking. However, TB seems to be an independent risk factor for COPD | National policies including taxes Smoking cessation interventions | The best screening methods have not been identified. Impact of interventions on TB outcomes Effectiveness of tobacco cessation among TB patients |
| Alcohol use >40 g·day−1 | Hard to systematically screen but may seek care more often and it can heighten awareness for TB screening | Added importance of DOTS TB drug hepatotoxicity might increase with DM and alcohol use disorder. Significant decreases in absorption of isoniazid and its accelerated metabolism after oral administration to heavy drinkers Effective treatment strategies for alcohol reduction exist | National policies including taxes Alcohol reduction programmes | The links between alcohol use and TB outcomes, and y acquired drug resistance The best screening methods have not been identified. Impact of interventions on TB outcomes Effectiveness of brief interventions on alcohol use disorders |
| Malnutrition | Hard to systematically screen. May be useful to concentrate on proxies like poverty and screen slum areas with poor service access | Patients beginning treatment with poor nutritional status are at risk for poor outcomes Nutritional support is often recommended but there is not much evidence to substantiate the practice | National policies addressing food security, distribution, etc. | Further research for the use of dietary supplements and nutritional support as a means for improving TB treatment outcomes How to best use and deliver nutritional support to enhance adherence |
| Mental illness | Mentally ill people are seen regularly at health care facilities and can be screened for TB and offered chemotherapy | Added importance of DOTS Drug interactions must be considered Social support | Social support mechanisms Stigma reduction | Better establish links between mental illness and TB disease Feasibility of screening and early case detection Feasibility of IPT |
DM: diabetes mellitus; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; TB: tuberculosis; MDR: mutidrug-resistant; DOTS: directly observed treatment, short course; IPT: isoniazid preventative therapy.