Table 2– Conditions increasing the risk for progression to tuberculosis and OR (from retrospective studies) or relative risk (RR; from prospective studies)

Condition	[Ref.]	OR or RR
Immune suppression
HIV-positive and tuberculin skin test-positive	71–73	50–110
AIDS	74, 75	110–170
Solid organ transplantation related to immunosuppressant therapy	76–78	20–74
Receiving anti-TNF-α treatment	79–81	1.5–17
Corticosteroids >15 mg prednisolone equivalent per day for >2–4 weeks^#	82, 83	4.9
Malignancy		4–8
Haematological malignancy (leukemias, lymphomas)	84	16
Carcinoma of the head or neck and lung	85	2.5–6.3
Gastrectomy	86, 87	2.5
Jejunoileal bypass	88, 89	27–63
Silicosis	90–92	30
Chronic renal failure/haemodialysis	93, 94	10–25
Diabetes mellitus	95–98	2–3.6
Smoking	99–103	2–3
Excessive alcohol use	104, 105	3
Underweight	106, 107	2.0–2.6
Age <5 yrs (table 3)	29	2–5

Level of evidence generally B or C. TNF: tumour necrosis factor. ^#: the adjusted RR of corticosteroids for the development of tuberculosis has not been convincingly established. Table adapted and updated from various sources 17, 22, 70.