Cases | Control 1 | Control 2 | Control 3 | ||||
Data | p-value# | Data | p-value# | Data | p-value# | ||
Immunocompetent patients¶ | |||||||
Patients n | 289 | 289 | 289 | 289 | |||
Age yrs | 77.1±6.5 | 76.9±6.2 | 0.283 | 77.1±6.2 | 0.883 | 76.3±6.0 | <0.001 |
History of pneumonia | 67 (24.0) | 59 (21.8) | 0.450 | 50 (17.9) | 0.054 | 30 (11.0) | <0.001 |
Influenza vaccination | 188 (65.1) | 208 (72.0) | 0.055 | 200 (69.2) | 0.281 | 199 (68.9) | 0.367 |
Pneumococcal vaccination | 130 (45.0) | 145 (50.2) | 0.147 | 135 (46.7) | 0.675 | 143 (49.5) | 0.228 |
Visited doctor in past yr | 266 (92.0) | 262 (91.0) | 0.749 | 265 (91.7) | 1.00 | 271 (93.8) | 0.472 |
Time since vaccination days | 1543±602 | 1404±686 | 0.021 | 1417±707 | 0.025 | 1456±731 | 0.187 |
Diabetes mellitus | 70 (24.2) | 86 (29.8) | 0.024 | 84 (29.1) | 0.045 | 91 (31.5) | 0.001 |
Heart failure, grade 3 or 4 | 38 (13.1) | 43 (14.9) | 0.499 | 50 (17.3) | 0.097 | 31 (10.7) | 0.281 |
COPD | 126 (43.6) | 124 (42.9) | 0.832 | 131 (45.3) | 0.383 | 114 (39.4) | 0.038 |
Chronic liver disease | 8 (2.8) | 5 (1.7) | 0.508 | 7 (2.4) | 1.00 | 6 (2.1) | 0.754 |
Renal failure, no dialysis | 11 (3.8) | 17 (5.9) | 0.263 | 17 (5.9) | 0.307 | 10 (3.5) | 1.00 |
Chronic alcoholism | 234 (89.7) | 242 (92.7) | 0.296 | 229 (91.2) | 1.00 | 16 (6.3) | 1.00 |
Smoker or ex-smoker | 172 (59.5) | 153 (53.1) | 0.033 | 154 (53.5) | 0.036 | 145 (50.3) | 0.003 |
Immunosuppressed patients | |||||||
Patients n | 200 | 200 | 200 | 200 | |||
Age yrs | 77.4±7.1 | 77.3±6.4 | 0.956 | 77.6±6.6 | 0.347 | 77.2±6.3 | 0.457 |
History of pneumonia | 52 (27.1) | 17 (8.8) | 0.001 | 24 (12.6) | 0.001 | 12 (6.1) | <0.001 |
Influenza vaccination | 118 (59.0) | 114 (57.0) | 0.734 | 120 (60.0) | 0.912 | 126 (63.0) | 0.422 |
Pneumococcal vaccination | 99 (49.5) | 113 (56.5) | 0.166 | 108 (54.0) | 0.342 | 106 (53.0) | 0.515 |
Visited doctor in past yr | 183 (94.3) | 190 (95.5) | 0.791 | 182 (92.9) | 0.839 | 183 (92.9) | 0.832 |
Time since vaccination days | 1556±742 | 1475±705 | 0.628 | 1608±676 | 0.133 | 1435±706 | 0.063 |
Solid organ neoplasia | 51 (25.5) | 85 (42.5) | <0.001 | 90 (45.0) | <0.001 | 129 (64.5) | <0.001 |
Haematologic neoplasia | 43 (21.5) | 23 (11.5) | 0.006 | 16 (8.0) | <0.001 | 14 (7.0) | <0.001 |
Solid organ transplant | 3 (1.5) | 3 (1.5) | 1.00 | 1 (0.5) | 0.625 | 3 (1.5) | 1.00 |
Bone marrow transplant | 2 (1.0) | 1 (0.5) | 1.00 | 1 (0.5) | 1.00 | 0 (0.0) | 0.500 |
Radiotherapy | 4 (2.0) | 5 (2.5) | 1.00 | 3 (1.5) | 1.00 | 2 (1.0) | 0.688 |
Immunosuppressive therapy | 18 (9.0) | 10 (5.0) | 0.115 | 14 (7.0) | 0.571 | 12 (6.0) | 0.307 |
Corticosteroid therapy | 24 (12.0) | 16 (8.0) | 0.134 | 12 (6.0) | 0.023 | 9 (4.5) | 0.004 |
Splenectomy | 4 (2.0) | 4 (2.0) | 1.00 | 1 (0.5) | 0.375 | 5 (2.5) | 1.00 |
Autoimmune disease | 14 (7.0) | 22 (11.0) | 0.152 | 12 (6.0) | 0.791 | 10 (5.0) | 0.503 |
Chronic renal failure with dialysis | 12 (6.0) | 6 (3.0) | 0.180 | 12 (6.0) | 1.00 | 5 (2.5) | 0.118 |
Disabling neurological disease | 81 (40.5) | 81 (40.5) | 1.00 | 82 (41.0) | 1.00 | 55 (27.5) | 0.001 |
Diabetes mellitus | 38 (19.0) | 49 (24.5) | 0.215 | 39 (19.5) | 1.00 | 44 (22.0) | 0.525 |
Heart failure, grade 3 or 4 | 10 (5.0) | 11 (5.5) | 1.00 | 13 (6.5) | 0.664 | 9 (4.5) | 1.00 |
COPD | 54 (27.0) | 29 (14.5) | 0.002 | 28 (14.0) | 0.001 | 16 (8.0) | <0.001 |
Chronic liver disease | 8 (4.0) | 12 (6.0) | 0.503 | 9 (4.5) | 1.00 | 3 (1.5) | 0.180 |
Renal failure, no dialysis | 11 (5.5) | 20 (10.0) | 0.124 | 10 (5.0) | 1.00 | 6 (3.0) | 0.332 |
Chronic alcoholism | 13 (7.7) | 12 (7.0) | 0.629 | 18 (10.6) | 0.678 | 13 (7.9) | 1.00 |
Smoker or ex-smoker | 95 (48.2) | 98 (49.5) | 0.880 | 96 (48.2) | 1.00 | 94 (47.2) | 0.890 |
Data are presented as n (%) or mean±sd, unless otherwise stated. COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; #: compared with cases; ¶: strata II and III combined.