Associations of ever-use of individual pesticides with allergic and nonallergic asthma in 19,704 male farmers in the Agricultural Health Study
| Controls n (%) | Allergic asthma | Nonallergic asthma | p-value for difference¶ | |||
| Subjects n (%) | OR (95% CI)# | Subjects n (%) | OR (95% CI)# | |||
| Subjects n | 19263 | 127 | 314 | |||
| Herbicides | ||||||
| 2,4,5-T | 3564 (19) | 38 (31) | 1.44 (0.96–2.14) | 88 (29) | 1.20 (0.93–1.56) | |
| 2,4,5-TP+ | 925 (5) | 13 (11) | 1.91 (1.06–3.44) | 23 (8) | 1.24 (0.80–1.91) | |
| 2,4-D | 15054 (79) | 110 (87) | 1.56 (0.91–2.69) | 264 (85) | 1.19 (0.86–1.64) | |
| Alachlor | 10219 (56) | 69 (57) | 0.93 (0.64–1.34) | 180 (62) | 1.15 (0.90–1.47) | |
| Atrazine | 14034 (73) | 94 (75) | 0.95 (0.63–1.45) | 241 (78) | 1.12 (0.85–1.49) | |
| Butylate | 5058 (27) | 42 (33) | 1.23 (0.84–1.81) | 96 (31) | 1.10 (0.85–1.42) | |
| Chlorimuron-ethyl | 6124 (32) | 45 (36) | 1.21 (0.83–1.75) | 99 (32) | 1.05 (0.82–1.35) | |
| Cyanazine | 7842 (43) | 58 (49) | 1.14 (0.77–1.70) | 149 (51) | 1.24 (0.96–1.60) | |
| Dicamba | 9607 (53) | 71 (59) | 1.19 (0.78–1.81) | 173 (61) | 1.28 (0.97–1.69) | |
| EPTC | 3611 (20) | 35 (29) | 1.61 (1.06–2.43) | 71 (25) | 1.25 (0.94–1.66) | |
| Glyphosate | 14788 (77) | 104 (82) | 1.37 (0.86–2.17) | 247 (79) | 1.15 (0.87–1.51) | |
| Imazethapyr | 8042 (45) | 52 (44) | 0.97 (0.64–1.48) | 123 (43) | 0.88 (0.67–1.14) | |
| Metolachlor | 8624 (47) | 58 (48) | 0.99 (0.69–1.44) | 148 (51) | 1.12 (0.88–1.43) | |
| Metribuzin | 7179 (38) | 55 (44) | 1.16 (0.79–1.70) | 127 (42) | 1.01 (0.79–1.29) | |
| Paraquat | 3068 (16) | 28 (22) | 1.67 (1.05–2.65) | 40 (13) | 0.82 (0.58–1.18) | 0.02 |
| Pendimethalin | 7104 (38) | 44 (35) | 0.94 (0.64–1.36) | 120 (39) | 1.14 (0.90–1.44) | |
| Petroleum Oil | 3933 (21) | 33 (27) | 1.28 (0.85–1.92) | 84 (28) | 1.35 (1.04–1.74) | |
| Trifluralin | 9964 (55) | 62 (53) | 0.79 (0.54–1.16) | 164 (55) | 0.89 (0.70–1.14) | |
| Insecticides | ||||||
| Carbamates | ||||||
| Aldicarb | 1508 (8) | 7 (6) | 0.79 (0.35–1.79) | 14 (5) | 0.66 (0.37–1.17) | |
| Carbaryl | 8089 (43) | 63 (50) | 1.26 (0.85–1.85) | 140 (45) | 0.98 (0.77–1.26) | |
| Carbofuran | 5266 (29) | 42 (35) | 1.10 (0.75–1.61) | 106 (37) | 1.17 (0.92–1.49) | |
| Organochlorines | ||||||
| Aldrin | 3247 (17) | 33 (27) | 1.19 (0.77–1.86) | 79 (26) | 0.95 (0.72–1.26) | |
| Chlordane | 3592 (19) | 42 (34) | 1.77 (1.19–2.63) | 86 (28) | 1.22 (0.94–1.59) | |
| DDT | 4344 (23) | 47 (37) | 1.42 (0.93–2.17) | 124 (40) | 1.41 (1.09–1.84) | |
| Dieldrin | 704 (4) | 10 (8) | 1.47 (0.75–2.90) | 13 (4) | 0.61 (0.35–1.09) | 0.05 |
| Heptachlor | 2289 (12) | 34 (27) | 2.01 (1.30–3.11) | 64 (21) | 1.20 (0.89–1.61) | 0.05 |
| Lindane | 2528 (14) | 28 (23) | 1.57 (1.01–2.41) | 44 (14) | 0.85 (0.61–1.17) | 0.03 |
| Toxaphene | 2156 (11) | 18 (15) | 1.06 (0.63–1.78) | 43 (14) | 0.96 (0.69–1.35) | |
| Organophosphates | ||||||
| Chlorpyrifos | 8037 (42) | 60 (48) | 1.26 (0.89–1.80) | 135 (43) | 1.08 (0.86–1.36) | |
| Coumaphos | 1646 (9) | 24 (21) | 2.34 (1.49–3.70) | 26 (9) | 0.88 (0.58–1.32) | 0.002 |
| Diazinon | 3891 (21) | 38 (30) | 1.57 (1.05–2.35) | 70 (23) | 1.03 (0.78–1.36) | 0.09 |
| Dichlorvos | 2092 (12) | 21 (18) | 1.47 (0.90–2.39) | 39 (14) | 1.05 (0.74–1.49) | |
| Fonofos | 4079 (23) | 37 (31) | 1.43 (0.95–2.16) | 84 (29) | 1.22 (0.93–1.60) | |
| Malathion | 12150 (64) | 87 (69) | 1.08 (0.74–1.59) | 229 (74) | 1.35 (1.04–1.75) | |
| Parathion | 1501 (8) | 19 (16) | 2.05 (1.21–3.46) | 30 (10) | 1.11 (0.75–1.66) | 0.07 |
| Phorate | 5776 (31) | 48 (39) | 1.23 (0.84–1.81) | 126 (41) | 1.29 (1.01–1.65) | |
| Terbufos | 7224 (40) | 51 (43) | 1.05 (0.72–1.53) | 132 (45) | 1.16 (0.91–1.48) | |
| Pyrethroids | ||||||
| Permethrin (animals) | 2365 (13) | 21 (18) | 1.51 (0.92–2.45) | 33 (11) | 0.91 (0.63–1.32) | |
| Permethrin (crops) | 2328 (13) | 20 (18) | 1.52 (0.93–2.48) | 42 (15) | 1.28 (0.91–1.79) | |
| Fungicides | ||||||
| Benomyl | 1519 (8) | 10 (8) | 0.97 (0.49–1.94) | 22 (7) | 0.87 (0.54–1.38) | |
| Captan | 1951 (11) | 22 (19) | 1.83 (1.15–2.94) | 29 (10) | 0.88 (0.60–1.30) | 0.02 |
| Chlorothalonil | 1427 (7) | 6 (5) | 0.64 (0.27–1.51) | 22 (7) | 1.10 (0.69–1.76) | |
| Maneb/Mancozeb | 1530 (8) | 13 (11) | 1.40 (0.74–2.67) | 20 (7) | 0.80 (0.49–1.31) | |
| Metalaxyl | 3695 (20) | 26 (21) | 1.26 (0.77–2.06) | 50 (16) | 0.89 (0.63–1.25) | |
| Fumigants | ||||||
| 80/20 mix§ | 818 (4) | 15 (12) | 2.15 (1.23–3.76) | 24 (8) | 1.25 (0.81–1.93) | |
| Aluminum phosphide | 641 (3) | 6 (5) | 1.34 (0.58–3.06) | 12 (4) | 1.14 (0.63–2.04) | |
| Ethylene dibromide | 818 (4) | 10 (8) | 2.07 (1.02–4.20) | 16 (5) | 1.25 (0.73–2.15) | |
| Methyl bromide | 2838 (15) | 16 (13) | 0.86 (0.46–1.60) | 41 (13) | 0.98 (0.66–1.45) | |
2,4,5-T: (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid; 2,4,5-TP: (RS)-2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)propionic acid; 2,4-D: (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid; EPTC: S-ethyl dipropyl(thiocarbamate); DDT: dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane. #: adjusted for age, US state, smoking, high pesticide exposure events and body mass index; ¶: only shown if p<0.1; +: fenoprop; §: carbon tetrachloride/carbon disulfide.