Characteristics of 105 study participants
| Variables | Mean±sd |
| Age yrs | 64±5 |
| Height cm | 168±4 |
| BMI kg·m−2 | 23±3 |
| FEV1 % pred | 46.8±10 |
| FEV1/FVC % | 54.7±16.3 |
| Pa,O2mmHg | 65±4 |
| Pa,CO2mmHg | 39±4 |
| RV/TLC % | 60.1±15.6 |
| TLC % | 112±4.6 |
| V′O2,max L·min−1 | 1.32±0.27 |
| V′O2% pred | 67.5±14 |
| WRmax W | 89±23 |
| Dyspnoea CRQ | 16.7±2.8 |
BMI: body mass index; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 s; % pred: % predicted; FVC: forced vital capacity; Pa,O2: arterial oxygen tension; Pa,CO2: arterial carbon dioxide tension; RV: residual volume; TLC: total lung capacity; V′O2,max: maximal oxygen uptake; V′O2: peak oxygen uptake; WRmax: maximal work rate; CRQ: Chronic Respiratory Questionnaire.