Associations between pre-natal pollutant levels and lung function at age 5 weeks
| Univariable model | Adjusted model# | |||||
| Coefficient | 95% CI | p-value | Coefficient | 95% CI | p-value | |
| Tidal breathing | ||||||
| Minute ventilation¶ mL·min−1 | ||||||
| PM10 | 19.8 | 4.9–34.7 | 0.010 | 24.9 | 9.3–40.5 | 0.002 |
| NO2 | 0.6 | -18.3–19.5 | 0.948 | 12.5 | -12.4–37.5 | 0.324 |
| O3 | 0.7 | -2.8–4.2 | 0.696 | -0.2 | -5.0–4.6 | 0.929 |
| Mean tidal expiratory flow mL·s−1 | ||||||
| PM10 | 0.59 | 0.02–1.16 | 0.043 | 0.81 | 0.22–1.40 | 0.007 |
| NO2 | -0.13 | -0.84–0.59 | 0.730 | 0.61 | -0.33–1.54 | 0.202 |
| O3 | 0.05 | -0.08–0.19 | 0.448 | -0.04 | -0.22–0.14 | 0.666 |
| Mean tidal inspiratory flow mL·s−1 | ||||||
| PM10 | 0.71 | 0.18–1.23 | 0.009 | 0.81 | 0.26–1.36 | 0.004 |
| NO2 | 0.17 | -0.49–0.84 | 0.610 | 0.07 | -0.81–0.95 | 0.871 |
| O3 | -0.007 | -0.13–0.12 | 0.909 | 0.05 | -0.12–0.22 | 0.560 |
| Respiratory rate breaths·min−1 | ||||||
| PM10 | 0.97 | 0.36–1.58 | 0.002 | 1.15 | 0.52–1.77 | <0.001 |
| NO2 | 0.32 | -0.46–1.10 | 0.419 | 1.50 | 0.52–2.49 | 0.003 |
| O3 | 0.08 | -0.07–0.22 | 0.297 | -0.005 | -0.20–0.19 | 0.961 |
| Tidal volume¶ mL | ||||||
| PM10 | -0.23 | -0.56–0.09 | 0.158 | -0.23 | -0.56–0.10 | 0.177 |
| NO2 | -0.28 | -0.69–0.12 | 0.173 | -0.78 | -1.30– -0.27 | 0.003 |
| O3 | -0.02 | -0.09–0.06 | 0.629 | 0.01 | -0.09–0.11 | 0.830 |
| Multiple-breath washout | ||||||
| FRCao mL·kg−1 | ||||||
| PM10 | 0.09 | -0.19–0.37 | 0.525 | 0.09 | -0.22–0.39 | 0.573 |
| NO2 | 0.06 | -0.26–0.39 | 0.713 | 0.09 | -0.38–0.56 | 0.706 |
| O3 | 0.01 | -0.04–0.07 | 0.635 | 0.03 | -0.06–0.11 | 0.537 |
| LCI | ||||||
| PM10 | -0.02 | -0.07–0.03 | 0.425 | -0.02 | -0.07–0.04 | 0.565 |
| NO2 | -0.04 | -0.09–0.02 | 0.170 | -0.05 | -0.13–0.03 | 0.247 |
| O3 | -0.001 | -0.01–0.01 | 0.825 | -0.006 | -0.02–0.01 | 0.368 |
| Inflammatory markers | ||||||
| eNO+ ppb | ||||||
| PM10 | 0.17 | -0.20–0.53 | 0.369 | 0.44 | -0.08–0.80 | 0.016 |
| NO2 | 0.66 | 0.22–1.10 | 0.004 | 0.98 | 0.45–1.51 | <0.001 |
| O3 | -0.02 | -0.11–0.06 | 0.608 | 0.01 | -0.09–0.11 | 0.856 |
| NO output pL·s−1 | ||||||
| PM10 | 16.5 | 1.5–31.5 | 0.031 | 15.6 | -0.2–31.3 | 0.053 |
| NO2 | 23.6 | 5.2–42.1 | 0.012 | 41.0 | 17.8–64.2 | 0.001 |
| O3 | -0.21 | -3.7–3.3 | 0.905 | -0.13 | -4.7–4.5 | 0.956 |
Data are given as unit change in lung function value per μg·m−3 increase in the mean pre-natal exposure of the respective pollutant. CI: confidence interval; PM10: particles with a 50% cut-off aerodynamic diameter of 10 μm; NO2: nitrogen dioxide; O3: ozone; FRCao: functional residual capacity at airway opening; LCI: lung clearance index; eNO: exhaled nitric oxide (NO). #: this model was adjusted for sex, post-natal age, season of birth, outdoor temperature on the measurement day and maternal smoking in pregnancy; ¶: similar results were obtained with minute ventilation and tidal volume per body weight; +: in the adjusted model, this was further adjusted for minute ventilation.