Association of rhinitis with conjunctivitis and rhinitis without conjunctivitis with positive skin-prick tests to perennial and seasonal allergens
| Country and centre | Rhinitis with conjunctivitis | Rhinitis without conjunctivitis | ||
| Perennial allergens | Seasonal allergens | Perennial allergens | Seasonal allergens | |
| China | ||||
| Hong Kong | 4.0 (2.9–5.5)# | 2.3 (1.4–3.8) | 1.7 (1.4–2.2)# | 0.8 (0.3–2.3) |
| Germany | ||||
| Dresden | 1.4 (1.1–1.8) | 7.3 (5.6–9.6) | 1.8 (1.3–2.4) | 0.8 (0.6–1.2) |
| Munich | 1.6 (1.2–2.0) | 5.6 (4.4–7.2) | 1.8 (1.2–2.5) | 0.8 (0.6–1.2) |
| Greece | ||||
| Athens | 1.4 (0.7–3.1) | 2.7 (1.4–5.5)# | 1.8 (1.1–2.7) | 1.3 (0.8–2.1)# |
| Thessaloniki | 2.3 (1.3–3.8) | 2.5 (1.4–4.3)# | 1.2 (0.8–1.7) | 0.9 (0.6–1.5)# |
| Iceland | ||||
| Reykjavik | 1.9 (1.2–3.0) | 7.0 (4.0–12.1) | 1.0 (0.4–2.5) | 0.8 (0.4–1.8) |
| Italy | ||||
| Rome | 2.2 (1.3–3.7) | 4.8 (3.0–7.9)# | 2.2 (1.5–3.1) | 1.0 (0.6–1.5)# |
| Netherlands | ||||
| Utrecht | 2.4 (1.5–3.9)# | 4.8 (3.0–7.6) | 1.7 (1.2–2.2)# | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) |
| New Zealand | ||||
| Hawkes Bay | 1.6 (1.2–2.0) | 2.6 (2.0–3.3) | 1.2 (0.8–1.6) | 1.2 (0.8–1.6) |
| Norway | ||||
| Tromsø | 2.3 (1.4–3.6) | 9.0 (4.7–17.3) | 1.1 (0.6–2.2) | 1.2 (0.6–2.3) |
| Spain | ||||
| Almeria | 2.8 (2.2–3.5) | 1.0 (0.7–1.4) | 1.0 (0.8–1.4) | 1.4 (0.9–2.4) |
| Cartagena | 4.1 (3.1–5.5) | 1.2 (0.8–1.9)# | 1.3 (0.9–2.0) | 1.2 (0.5–2.7)# |
| Madrid | 1.7 (1.2–2.4) | 2.2 (1.6–3.1)# | 1.1 (0.6–1.8) | 1.1 (0.7–1.7)# |
| Valencia | 2.9 (2.1–4.0) | 1.4 (0.7–2.6)# | 1.8 (1.1–2.7) | 0.5 (0.1–2.0)# |
| Sweden | ||||
| Linköping | 1.8 (1.3–2.7)# | 7.8 (4.9–12.4) | 0.3 (0.1–1.6)# | 1.3 (0.5–3.5) |
| Öestersund | 1.9 (1.2–3.0)# | 8.8 (5.2–14.9) | 1.3 (0.8–2.4)# | 0.9 (0.5–1.6) |
| UK | ||||
| West Sussex | 2.1 (1.5–3.0) | 4.4 (3.1–6.1) | 1.9 (1.0,3.7) | 0.6 (0.3–1.5) |
| Affluent | 2.2 (1.8–2.6) | 3.6 (2.6–5.0) | 1.5 (1.3–1.8) | 1.0 (0.9–1.1) |
| Albania | ||||
| Tirana | 1.1 (0.5–2.3) | 0.5 (0.1–1.8)# | 1.1 (0.6–1.8) | 0.9 (0.4–2.0)# |
| Brazil | ||||
| Porto Alegre | 1.7 (1.3–2.3) | 1.3 (0.7–2.4) | 1.1 (0.7–1.8) | 2.0 (0.9–4.5) |
| China | ||||
| Beijing | 0.8 (0.5–1.4)# | 1.4 (0.5–4.3) | 1.3 (1.0–1.6)# | 1.1 (0.6–2.0) |
| Guangzhou | 2.6 (1.7–3.8)# | 2.4 (1.2–4.7) | 1.3 (1.1–1.6)# | 1.2 (0.7–2.0) |
| Ecuador | ||||
| Pichincha province | 1.2 (0.3–4.2)# | 7.0 (1.7–30.0) | 1.5 (0.6–3.8)# | 1.6 (0.2–12.1) |
| Estonia | ||||
| Tallinn | 2.5 (1.1–5.7)# | 1.9 (0.7–5.0) | 1.5 (0.8–2.6)# | 1.2 (0.6–2.6) |
| Georgia | ||||
| Tbilisi | 2.2 (1.2–4.2)# | 2.1 (1.1–3.8) | 1.1 (0.5–2.1)# | 0.5 (0.2–1.5) |
| India | ||||
| Bombay | 2.0 (1.0–4.1) | 0.8 (0.2–3.1) | 0.9 (0.3–2.4) | 0.6 (0.1–4.2) |
| Latvia | ||||
| Riga | 3.1 (1.4–7.0) | 3.6 (1.6–7.8) | 1.7 (0.9–3.1) | 0.9 (0.3–2.1) |
| Turkey | ||||
| Ankara | 0.9 (0.7–1.2)# | 1.0 (0.8–1.4)# | 1.1 (0.9–1.4)# | 1.0 (0.8–1.3)# |
| West Bank | ||||
| Ramallah | 0.9 (0.3–3.1)# | NC# | 0.7 (0.2–2.4)# | NC# |
| Nonaffluent¶ | 1.5 (1.1–2.1) | 1.6 (1.1–2.4) | 1.2 (1.1–1.4) | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) |
Data are presented as adjusted prevalence rate ratios (95% confidence interval). The prevalence rate ratio for perennial allergens is adjusted for seasonal allergens and vice versa. NC: not calculated due to no observations. #: local allergens were tested in addition to a standard set of six common allergens; ¶: analysis does not include Tbilisi, Georgia (see online supplementary data).