Association between serum osmolality and its constituent molecules and forced expiratory volume in one second(FEV1) in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994
| Exposure quintile | Subjects n | Increase in FEV1 mL | ||
| Adjusted for a priori confounders# | Adjusted for a priori confounders# plus serum osmolality constituents¶ | |||
| Serum osmolality mmol·kg−1 | 241–274 | 2200 | 0 (0) | |
| 275–278 | 2159 | -34.3 (-64.2– -4.4) | ||
| 279–281 | 2074 | -43.5 (-74.0– -13.1) | ||
| 282–285 | 2305 | -28.7 (-59.1–1.7) | ||
| 286–352 | 1864 | -63.1 (-96.5– -29.6) | ||
| Serum sodium mM | 123.7–139.3 | 2231 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| 139.4–140.6 | 2094 | 41.0 (11.5–70.6) | 18.5 (-11.1–48.2) | |
| 140.7–141.7 | 2138 | 53.0 (23.4–82.7) | 14.7 (-15.6–44.9) | |
| 141.8–143.0 | 2129 | 31.3 (0.5–62.0) | -21.2 (-53.3–10.8) | |
| 143.1–177.5 | 2010 | 28.8 (-2.3–60.0) | -36.9 (-70.6– -3.2) | |
| Serum chloride mM | 76.2–101.6 | 2183 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| 101.7–103.6 | 2194 | 37.3 (6.5–68.1) | 37.5 (6.5–68.4) | |
| 103.7–105.2 | 2050 | 77.0 (45.5–108.6) | 74.9 (42.7–107.0) | |
| 105.3–106.9 | 2070 | 88.4 (57.3–119.5) | 88.0 (55.6–120.3) | |
| 107–121.6 | 2105 | 121.6 (91.6–151.7) | 126.4 (93.3–159.5) | |
| Serum urea mM | 0.71–3.57 | 2568 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| 3.58–4.28 | 1932 | 57.9 (28.1–87.7) | 54.5 (24.9–84.2) | |
| 4.29–5.00 | 1980 | 72.4 (42.1–102.6) | 68.6 (38.4–98.7) | |
| 5.01–6.07 | 2011 | 134.2 (102.3–166.1) | 128.2 (96.5–159.9) | |
| 6.08–34.27 | 2111 | 115.2 (81.3–149.1) | 112.4 (78.7–146.1) | |
| Plasma glucose mM | 1.97–4.78 | 2149 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| 4.79–5.06 | 2105 | 43.0 (12.9–73.1) | 39.9 (10.0–69.8) | |
| 5.06–5.34 | 2129 | 88.1 (56.1–120.2) | 81.4 (49.6–113.3) | |
| 5.35–5.78 | 2117 | 83.2 (50.0–116.5) | 78.7 (45.7–111.6) | |
| 5.79–35.67 | 2102 | -30.0 (-64.4–4.4) | -27.0 (-61.4–7.4) | |
| Serum potassium mM | 2.51–3.79 | 2191 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| 3.80–3.96 | 2054 | 30.5 (-0.3–60.8) | 14.0 (-15.9–44.0) | |
| 3.97–4.12 | 2215 | 5.3 (-24.2–34.8) | -18.1 (-47.4–11.3) | |
| 4.13–4.31 | 2054 | 38.0 (7.0–69.0) | 12.3 (-18.5–43.2) | |
| 4.32–6.20 | 2088 | -0.9 (-32.9–31.0) | -25.4 (-57.2–6.4) | |
Data are presented as β/regression coefficient (95% confidence interval), unless otherwise stated. #: age, sex, height, smoking history (in pack-yrs), smoking status, body mass index (categorical) and ethnicity; ¶: serum sodium, chloride, potassium and urea and plasma glucose.