Analysis | Males | Females | Overall | |||
OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | |
Unadjusted | 4.06 (2.13–7.71) | 0.000 | 2.34 (1.39–3.92) | 0.001 | 2.75 (1.88–4.03) | 0.000 |
Adjusted for level 1 | 4.49 (2.27–8.87) | 0.000 | 1.87 (1.04–3.35) | 0.04 | 2.57 (1.69–3.93) | 0.000 |
Adjusted for levels 1 and 2 | 3.99 (1.92–8.30) | 0.000 | 1.71 (0.95–3.09) | 0.08 | 2.33 (1.50–3.62) | 0.000 |
CI: confidence interval. Level 1: study site, sex, age, schooling, ethnicity, smoking status (never, former, current) and intensity (pack-yrs), exposure to dust at the workplace, exposure to coal and biomass for cooking or heating, history of hospitalisation due to respiratory problems in childhood. Level 2: comorbidity (body mass index and history of hypertension, heart problems, diabetes and stroke). #: reference category = no medical history of tuberculosis.