Risk factors presented as hazard ratios among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease for any cause of deaths, using Cox regression analysis
| Sex male = 1 | 0.95 (0.80–1.13) |
| FEV1 % | |
| <40 | 1 |
| 40–59 | 0.63 (0.52–0.75) |
| 60–79 | 0.36 (0.29–0.47) |
| Age 1 yr | 1.04 (1.03–1.05) |
| BMI kg·m−2 | |
| <20 | 1 |
| 20–24.9 | 0.73 (0.58–0.91) |
| 25–29.9 | 0.65 (0.51–0.82) |
| ≥30 | 0.62 (0.47–0.81) |
| Pack-yrs of smoking | |
| 0 | 1 |
| 1–19 | 2.43 (1.23–4.80) |
| 20–39 | 2.74 (1.40–5.38) |
| ≥40 | 3.55 (1.77–7.10) |
| Oral prednisolone | 1.68 (1.18–2.39) |
| Ischaemic heart disease | 1.85 (1.38–2.50) |
| Cor pulmonale | 1.77 (1.25–2.49) |
Data are presented as relative risks (95% confidence interval). Only statistically significant hazard ratios are shown. FEV1: forced expiratory volume in one second; BMI: body mass index.