In-hospital mortality per 100,000 individuals after receiving separate influenza or pneumococcal vaccines, or both, compared with no vaccine, between December 1, 1999 and November 30, 2000
| Diagnosis | Vaccine given | |||
| Influenza | Pneumococcal | Both | None | |
| Subjects n | 29346 | 23249 | 72107 | 134045 |
| Influenza# | 6.8 | 4.3 | 2.8 | 9.7 |
| OR (95% CI) | 0.70 (0.15–3.21) | 0.44 (0.06–3.53) | 0.29 (0.06–1.31) | |
| p‐value | <0.64 | <0.42 | <0.09 | |
| Pneumonia | 299.9 | 318.3 | 223.3 | 342.4 |
| OR (95% CI) | 0.88 (0.69–1.11) | 0.93 (0.72–1.19) | 0.65 (0.54–0.78) | |
| p‐value | <0.24 | <0.56 | <0.0001 | |
OR: odds ratio
CI: confidence interval
#: with and without influenza pneumonia
All p‐value comparisons are against the unvaccinated cohort