Indirect stimuli | Direct stimuli |
Physical stimuli | Cholinergic agonists |
Exercise | (acetylcholine, |
Nonisotonic aerosols | methacholine, |
(hyper-, hypotonic, | carbachol) |
distilled water | Histamine |
aerosols, mannitol) | Prostaglandin D2 |
Eucapnic voluntary hyperpnoea of dry air | Leukotriene C4/D4/E4 |
Pharmacological stimuli | |
Adenosine | |
Tachykinins | |
Bradykinin | |
Metabisulphite/SO2 | |
Propranolol | |
Endotoxin (LPS) | |
Platelet activating factor | |
Ozone | |
Selective agents | |
Aspirin and NSAID | |
Allergen |
LPS: lipopolysacharides
NSAID: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
SO2: sulphur dioxide