Systemic inflammation |
Oxidative stress |
Activated inflammatory cells (neutrophils/lymphocytes) |
Increased plasma levels of cytokines and acute phase proteins |
Nutritional abnormalities and weight loss |
Increased resting energy expenditure |
Abnormal body composition |
Abnormal amino acid metabolism |
Skeletal muscle dysfunction |
Loss of muscle mass |
Abnormal structure/function |
Exercise limitation |
Other potential systemic effects |
Cardiovascular effects |
Nervous system effects |
Osteoskeletal effects |