produced by every leukocyte lineage |
immune activation |
adhesion molecules ↑ |
chemotaxis ↑ |
IgA ↑ |
immune deactivation |
proliferation of T-cells ↓ |
B-cell functions ↓ |
NK-cell activities ↓ |
cytotoxic T-cell activities ↓ |
→ (oral) tolerance |
fibrogenesis |
angiogenesis |
IgA: immunoglobulin-A
NK-cell: natural killer cell