Table 1—

Some effects of diesel emission with relevance to the respiratory system

System	Effects	Reference
Human volunteers	↑ airway resistance and inflammation	21, 26
Exposure chamber	↑ neutrophils in BAL and sputum	26, 28, 31, 32
challenge	↓ mast cells in BAL, ↑ mast cells in airway mucosa	26, 28
	↑ in ICAM-1, VCAM-1	28, 29, 30
	↑ in IL-8 in airway epithelium	31
	↑ in IL-6 in sputum	32

Humans	↑ in local IgE	33, 37
Nasal provocations	↑ in IgE secreting cells	33
	↑↑ spec IgE (DEP + antigen) → allergic sensitization	36, 37
	↑ in IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10

Rat	increased lung weight, chronic inflammation with	[41–43, 51, 55. 57]
Chronic exposure	increased number of inflammatory cells,
	chronic degenerative changes
	bronchiolo-alveolar hyperplasia	42, 55, 57
	prolongation of clearance	43, 51

Cat	pattern of restrictive lung disease	48, 49
Chronic exposure	inflammatory reactions
	bronchiolo metaplasia

Mice	severe lung injury	50
Acute high exposure	high mortality
(intratracheally)	cause of death: pulmonary oedema

Mice	airway inflammation with increased number of	62, 63, 65, 94
Chronic exposure	inflammatory cells
	↑ goblet cells	65, 70
	↑ respiratory resistance	70

Mice	↑ IgE levels	58, 59
DEP + allergen	↑ spec IgE levels	58, 59, 65, 70
Exposure	↑ spec IgG₁ levels	62, 63, 70
	↑ IL-2, IL-4, IL-5	62, 70
	↑ GM-CSF	62

Human nasal epithelial cells	↑ adhesion and degranulation of eosinophils	78
(HNEC)	↑ IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8	79, 80
In vitro exposure	↑ GM-CSF	79, 80
	↑ adhesion molecules	80

Human bronchial cell culture	↑ IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8	79, 80
In vitro exposure	↑ GM-CSF	79, 80, 85
	↑ adhesion molecules	80, 85

Human bronchial epethelial cell	↑ IL-6, IL-8	84, 87
(HBEC)	↑ IL-8 mRNA	88
In vitro exposure	↑ GM-CSF	84
	↑ sICAM-1	84

Human B-cell line	↑ IgE production	82
In vitro exposure

Human peripheral blood	↑ IL-8	83
mononuclear cells (PBMC)	↑ RANTES	83
In vitro exposure	↓ MCP-1 secretion	83

Rat alveolar macrophages	↑ IL-1	90
In vitro exposure	↓ IL-1, TNF-α - stimulated by endotoxin	90

BAL: bronchoalveolar lavage; DEP: diesel exhaust particles; GM-CSF: granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor; ICAM-1: intracellular cell adhesion molecule; IL: interleukin; MCP-1: Monocyte chemotactic peptide 1; MRNA: messenger ribonucleic acid; RANTES: Regulated on Activation Normal T cell expressed and secreted; ICAM-1: soluble intracelluler adhesion molecule; TNF-α: tumour necrosis factor alpha; VCAM-1: vascular cell adhesion molecule-1; ↑: increase; ↓: decrease.