TABLE 3

Associations between maternal dietary antioxidant intake and childhood lung function

	FEV₁		FVC		FEF_25–75
	Model 1^#	Model 2^¶	Model 1^#	Model 2^¶	Model 1^#	Model 2^¶
Subjects n	6062		6157		6157
Total fruits
Quartile 1	0.00 (reference)	0.00 (reference)	0.00 (reference)	0.00 (reference)	0.00 (reference)	0.00 (reference)
Quartile 2	−0.02 (−0.13–0.09)	−0.03 (−0.14–0.08)	−0.01 (−0.11–0.08)	−0.04 (−0.15–0.07)	−0.01 (−0.12–0.10)	−0.03 (−0.14–0.08)
Quartile 3	0.04 (−0.06–0.15)	0.02 (−0.09–0.12)	−0.01 (−0.10–0.07)	−0.03 (−0.14–0.08)	0.07 (−0.04–0.17)	0.04 (−0.07–0.14)
Quartile 4	0.06 (−0.05–0.17)	0.03 (−0.09–0.14)	0.04 (−0.05–0.13)	0.02 (−0.10–0.13)	0.05 (−0.06–0.15)	0.01 (−0.10–0.13)
Per quartile	0.03 (0.00–0.06)	0.02 (−0.01–0.05)	0.02 (0.00–0.05)	0.02 (−0.01–0.05)	0.02 (−0.01–0.05)	0.01 (−0.02–0.04)
p_trend	0.04	0.25	0.09	0.26	0.12	0.41
Total vegetables
Quartile 1	0.00 (reference)	0.00 (reference)	0.00 (reference)	0.00 (reference)	0.00 (reference)	0.00 (reference)
Quartile 2	0.06 (−0.01–0.14)	0.05 (−0.03–0.13)	0.02 (−0.05–0.10)	0.02 (−0.06–0.09)	0.08 (0.00–0.15)	0.06 (−0.02–0.14)
Quartile 3	0.02 (−0.05–0.09)	0.01 (−0.07–0.08)	−0.01 (−0.08–0.06)	−0.02 (−0.09–0.05)	0.06 (−0.01–0.13)	0.05 (−0.03–0.12)
Quartile 4	0.10 (0.03–0.17)	0.08 (0.01–0.16)	0.07 (0.00–0.15)	0.06 (−0.01–0.14)	0.10 (0.03–0.18)	0.09 (0.01–0.16)
Per quartile	0.03 (0.00–0.05)	0.02 (0.00–0.05)	0.02 (0.00–0.04)	0.01 (−0.01–0.04)	0.03 (0.01–0.05)	0.02 (0.00–0.05)
p_trend	0.03	0.09	0.12	0.22	0.01	0.05
Vitamin C
Quartile 1	0.00 (reference)	0.00 (reference)	0.00 (reference)	0.00 (reference)	0.00 (reference)	0.00 (reference)
Quartile 2	0.05 (−0.02–0.13)	0.04 (−0.04–0.12)	0.06 (−0.01–0.14)	0.05 (−0.02–0.13)	0.02 (−0.05–0.10)	0.01 (−0.07–0.09)
Quartile 3	0.05 (−0.03–0.12)	0.02 (−0.05–0.10)	0.05 (−0.02–0.12)	0.03 (−0.04–0.11)	0.02 (−0.05–0.10)	0.00 (−0.07–0.08)
Quartile 4	0.06 (−0.02–0.14)	0.04 (−0.05–0.12)	0.05 (−0.02–0.13)	0.04 (−0.05–0.12)	0.05 (−0.02–0.13)	0.03 (−0.05–0.12)
Per quartile	0.02 (−0.01–0.04)	0.01 (−0.02–0.03)	0.01 (−0.01–0.04)	0.01 (−0.02–0.03)	0.02 (−0.01–0.04)	0.01 (−0.02–0.04)
p_trend	0.17	0.53	0.30	0.62	0.19	0.45
Vitamin E
Quartile 1	0.00 (reference)	0.00 (reference)	0.00 (reference)	0.00 (reference)	0.00 (reference)	0.00 (reference)
Quartile 2	−0.03 (−0.10–0.05)	−0.03 (−0.11–0.04)	0.00 (−0.07–0.08)	0.01 (−0.07–0.08)	−0.02 (−0.09–0.06)	−0.04 (−0.11–0.04)
Quartile 3	−0.02 (−0.10–0.06)	−0.03 (−0.11–0.05)	0.02 (−0.06–0.10)	0.02 (−0.06–0.10)	−0.02 (−0.10–0.05)	−0.05 (−0.13–0.03)
Quartile 4	0.01 (−0.07–0.10)	−0.01 (−0.09–0.08)	0.04 (−0.04–0.13)	0.04 (−0.04–0.13)	0.00 (−0.08–0.09)	−0.03 (−0.12–0.05)
Per quartile	0.01 (−0.02–0.03)	0.00 (−0.03–0.03)	0.01 (−0.01–0.04)	0.01 (−0.01–0.04)	0.00 (−0.02–0.03)	−0.01 (−0.04–0.02)
p_trend	0.63	0.98	0.26	0.28	0.90	0.48
Zinc
Quartile 1	0.00 (reference)	0.00 (reference)	0.00 (reference)	0.00 (reference)	0.00 (reference)	0.00 (reference)
Quartile 2	0.05 (−0.03–0.13)	0.04 (−0.04–0.12)	0.04 (−0.04–0.12)	0.03 (−0.05–0.11)	0.05 (−0.03–0.13)	0.03 (−0.05–0.11)
Quartile 3	0.11 (0.02–0.20)	0.08 (−0.01–0.17)	0.13 (0.04–0.21)	0.11 (0.02–0.20)	0.06 (−0.03–0.15)	0.02 (−0.07–0.11)
Quartile 4	0.18 (0.07–0.29)	0.14 (0.03–0.25)	0.16 (0.05–0.26)	0.14 (0.03–0.25)	0.13 (0.02–0.23)	0.07 (−0.04–0.18)
Per quartile	0.06 (0.03–0.09)	0.05 (0.01–0.08)	0.06 (0.02–0.09)	0.05 (0.02–0.09)	0.04 (0.00–0.07)	0.02 (−0.02–0.06)
p_trend	0.001	0.01	0.001	0.005	0.03	0.28
Selenium
Quartile 1	0.00 (reference)	0.00 (reference)	0.00 (reference)	0.00 (reference)	0.00 (reference)	0.00 (reference)
Quartile 2	0.05 (−0.03–0.13)	0.03 (−0.05–0.11)	0.05 (−0.03–0.13)	0.05 (−0.03–0.13)	0.04 (−0.04–0.12)	0.00 (−0.07–0.08)
Quartile 3	0.06 (−0.02–0.14)	0.04 (−0.04–0.13)	0.05 (−0.03–0.13)	0.05 (−0.04–0.18)	0.06 (−0.02–0.14)	0.02 (−0.07–0.10)
Quartile 4	0.09 (0.00–0.18)	0.06 (−0.03–0.16)	0.11 (0.02–0.20)	0.10 (0.01–0.20)	0.05 (−0.04–0.14)	−0.01 (−0.10–0.09)
Per quartile	0.03 (0.00–0.06)	0.02 (−0.01–0.05)	0.03 (0.00–0.06)	0.03 (0.00–0.06)	0.02 (−0.01–0.05)	0.00 (−0.03–0.03)
p_trend	0.05	0.22	0.03	0.06	0.25	0.95
Carotene
Quartile 1	0.00 (reference)	0.00 (reference)	0.00 (reference)	0.00 (reference)	0.00 (reference)	0.00 (reference)
Quartile 2	0.01 (−0.07–0.08)	−0.01 (−0.09–0.06)	0.02 (−0.05–0.09)	0.01 (−0.06–0.09)	−0.02 (−0.09–0.05)	−0.05 (−0.12–0.02)
Quartile 3	0.05 (−0.02–0.12)	0.03 (−0.05–0.10)	0.02 (−0.05–0.10)	0.01 (−0.06–0.09)	0.03 (−0.04–0.11)	0.00 (−0.07–0.07)
Quartile 4	0.10 (0.03–0.18)	0.08 (0.01–0.16)	0.08 (0.01–0.16)	0.08 (0.00–0.15)	0.07 (0.00–0.15)	0.04 (−0.03–0.12)
Per quartile	0.04 (0.01–0.06)	0.03 (0.00–0.05)	0.03 (0.00–0.05)	0.02 (0.00–0.05)	0.03 (0.00–0.05)	0.02 (−0.01–0.04)
p_trend	0.004	0.02	0.03	0.05	0.03	0.17
Antioxidant score
Quartile 1	0.00 (reference)	0.00 (reference)	0.00 (reference)	0.00 (reference)	0.00 (reference)	0.00 (reference)
Quartile 2	−0.01 (−0.09–0.07)	−0.03 (−0.11–0.06)	0.01 (−0.07–0.09)	0.02 (−0.06–0.10)	−0.01 (−0.09–0.07)	−0.04 (−0.13–0.04)
Quartile 3	0.03 (−0.06–0.12)	0.01 (−0.09–0.10)	0.03 (−0.05–0.12)	0.04 (−0.06–0.13)	0.04 (−0.05–0.12)	−0.01 (−0.10–0.09)
Quartile 4	0.12 (0.02–0.22)	0.08 (−0.02–0.19)	0.13 (0.03–0.22)	0.12 (0.02–0.23)	0.07 (−0.03–0.17)	0.01 (−0.10–0.12)
Per quartile	0.04 (0.01–0.08)	0.03 (0.00–0.07)	0.04 (0.01–0.07)	0.04 (0.01–0.07)	0.03 (0.00–0.06)	0.01 (−0.02–0.04)
p_trend	0.004	0.04	0.005	0.01	0.06	0.52

Data are presented as β (difference in age-, height- and sex-adjusted sd units) (95% CI), unless otherwise stated. FEV₁: forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FVC: forced vital capacity; FEF_25–75: forced expiratory flow at 25–75% of FVC. ^#: model controlling for energy intake only; ^¶: model controlling for energy intake, smoking, infections, supplements, antibiotics and paracetamol use during pregnancy, and maternal educational level, housing tenure, financial difficulties, ethnicity, age, parity, history of atopic diseases, anxiety, sex of child, season of birth, multiple pregnancy and breastfeeding duration.