TABLE 3

Associations between maternal free sugar intake during pregnancy and atopy without asthma, nonatopic and atopic asthma^# in the offspring

	Maternal free sugar intake during pregnancy						p-trend
	Quintile 1	Quintile 2	Quintile 3	Quintile 4	Quintile 5	Per quintile	p-trend
Atopy without asthma n=794
Adjusted OR^¶ (95% CI)	1.00	0.78 (0.61–1.01)	1.05 (0.82–1.34)	0.96 (0.73–1.25)	1.09 (0.80–1.50)	1.04 (0.97–1.12)	0.30
Adjusted OR⁺ (95% CI)	1.00	0.77 (0.60–0.99)	1.05 (0.82–1.34)	0.95 (0.72–1.25)	1.17 (0.85–1.62)	1.05 (0.98–1.13)	0.19
Nonatopic asthma n=301
Adjusted OR^¶ (95% CI)	1.00	0.82 (0.57–1.16)	0.67 (0.46–0.99)	0.77 (0.52–1.16)	0.83 (0.52–1.34)	0.95 (0.85–1.06)	0.34
Adjusted OR⁺ (95% CI)	1.00	0.87 (0.61–1.25)	0.73 (0.49–1.08)	0.78 (0.52–1.18)	0.71 (0.43–1.15)	0.92 (0.82–1.03)	0.14
Atopic asthma n=337
Adjusted OR^¶ (95% CI)	1.00	1.66 (1.14–2.41)	1.17 (0.78–1.77)	2.09 (1.39–3.14)	1.79 (1.11–2.90)	1.14 (1.03–1.27)	0.01
Adjusted OR⁺ (95% CI)	1.00	1.75 (1.20–2.56)	1.27 (0.84–1.93)	2.18 (1.45–3.30)	2.01 (1.23–3.29)	1.17 (1.05–1.30)	0.004

^#: no atopy or asthma was considered as baseline category (n=3796); ^¶: controlling for energy intake; ⁺: controlling for energy intake, smoking, infections, supplements, antibiotics and paracetamol use during pregnancy; maternal educational level, housing tenure, financial difficulties, ethnicity, age, parity, history of atopic diseases, anxiety, sex of child, season of birth, multiple pregnancy and breastfeeding duration.