Considerations for assessing validity and adversity of biomarker changes
| 1. Analytical validation |
| 2. Relevance to a clinical condition |
| 3. Appropriateness for proposed use: population versus individual characterisation |
| 4. Presence of multiple converging biomarkers |
| 5. Degree of adherence to Bradford Hill considerations for judging a causal link to air pollution (especially dose/response, replication, biological plausibility and cessation of exposure) |
| 6. Adversity considerations as in table 1 (including adversity of associated clinical end-points) |