TABLE 1

Patient demographics, ethnicity and region of birth: odds ratios for vitamin D deficiency

ORs for 25(OH)D deficiency
Crude OR# (95% CI)Adjusted OR (95% CI)p-value
Age years
 <1770 (9.6)0.54 (0.30–0.98)0.59 (0.25–1.39)+0.229
 17–29211 (29.0)1.44 (0.98–2.10)1.18 (0.74–1.88)+0.482
 30–39218 (30.0)1.0 (baseline)1.0 (baseline)
 40–49111 (15.3)0.92 (0.57–1.46)1.05 (0.57–1.91)+0.88
 50–5954 (7.4)1.08 (0.59–1.97)1.33 (0.64–2.78)+0.45
 ≥6064 (8.8)0.48 (0.26–0.90)0.24 (0.08–0.69)+0.009
Sex
 Male406 (56.3)1.0 (baseline)1.0 (baseline)
 Female315 (43.7)0.85 (0.54–1.34)0.71 (0.48–1.05)+0.087
TB site 
 Pulmonary345 (47.3)1.0 (baseline)1.0 (baseline)
 Extrapulmonary383 (52.5)1.77 (1.31–2.40)1.17 (0.78–1.76)+0.45
HIV status
 HIV-negative472 (64.8)1.0 (baseline)1.0 (baseline)
 HIV-positive58 (8.0)0.44 (0.24–0.82)0.36 (0.18–0.71)+0.004
Ethnicity
 White127 (17.9)1.0 (baseline)1.0 (baseline)
 Indian (Asian)105 (14.8)9.74 (5.31–17.85)10.10 (4.52–22.56)+<0.001
 Black393 (55.5)3.08 (1.90–4.98)3.28 (1.76–6.10)+<0.001
 Asian (Other)45 (6.4)1.32 (0.59–2.96)1.07 (0.38–2.99)+0.905
 Other38 (5.4)1.88 (0.84–4.24)2.28 (0.86–6.04)+0.098
Region of birth
 Africa170 (23.7)1.06 (0.67–1.67)0.81 (0.46–1.43)§0.46
 Horn of Africa132 (18.4)6.43 (3.96–10.43)6.07 (3.26–11.30)§<0.001
 Americas26 (3.6)0.11 (0.14–0.81)0.095 (0.01–0.74)§0.025
 Asia61 (8.5)0.96 (0.50–1.83)0.82 (0.64–5.40)§0.638
 Indian subcontinent95 (18.4)7.16 (4.14–12.35)7.07 (3.26–15.34)§<0.001
 Caribbean25 (3.5)1.80 (0.76–4.23)1.86 (0.64–5.40)§0.252
 Europe207 (28.9)1.0 (baseline)1.0 (baseline)
 Horn of Africa compared to Africa6.06 (3.49–10.54)7.31 (3.96–13.49)§<0.001
 Indian subcontinent compared to Asia7.46 (3.29–16.93)11.85 (3.97–35.39)§<0.001
Time in the UK yearsƒ
 <2 years60 (15.0)
 2–5 years109 (27.3)
 6–10 years88 (22.1)
 >10 years142 (35.6)

  • Data are presented as n (%), unless otherwise stated. 25(OH)D: 25-hydroxyvitamin D; TB: tuberculosis. #: crude odds ratio is the crude odds ratio for 25(OH)D deficiency in a given exposure category compared to the baseline group, as indicated; : adjusted odds ratio is the adjusted odds ratio for 25(OH)D deficiency in a given exposure category compared to the baseline group, as indicated; +: adjusted for age, sex, TB site, HIV status and ethnicity; §: adjusted for age, sex, TB site and HIV status; ƒ: odds ratios not available.