Intervention [ref.] | Studies n | Quality assessment | Quality | ||||
Risk of bias | Inconsistency | Indirectness | Imprecision | Publication bias | |||
Physical activity counselling [10, 11, 25, 47, 51, 54, 55, 60, 70, 71, 78] | 11 | Serious | Serious | Not serious | Serious | Strongly suspected | Very low |
Nutritional supplementation [12, 35, 36, 46] | 4 | Serious | Serious | Not serious | Serious | Strongly suspected | Very low |
Long-term oxygen therapy [33, 64] | 2 | Not serious | Serious | Not serious | Serious | Strongly suspected | Very low |
Bronchodilator [14, 48, 59, 67, 73, 77] | 6 | Not serious | Serious | Not serious | Serious | Strongly suspected | Very low |
Nocturnal NIV [39] | 1 | Serious | Not serious | Not serious | Serious | Strongly suspected | Very low |
NMES [38] | 1 | Serious | Not serious | Not serious | Serious | Strongly suspected | Very low |
Pulmonary rehabilitation [8, 10, 29, 34, 37, 39, 42, 44, 49, 52, 56, 58, 62, 63, 65, 66, 69, 72, 74, 76] | 20 | Serious | Serious | Not serious | Serious | Unsuspected | Very low |
Other exercise training [30, 32, 41, 43, 50, 53, 57, 61, 62, 74, 79] | 11 | Serious | Serious | Not serious | Serious | Unsuspected | Very low |
NIV: noninvasive ventilation; NMES: neuromuscular electrical stimulation.